T he quantity theory of money, dating back at least to the mid-sixteenthcentury Spanish Scholastic writers of the Salamanca School, is one of the oldest theories in economics. Modern students know it as the proposition stating that an exogenously given one-time change in the stock of money has no lasting effect on real variables but leads ultimately to a proportionate change in the money price ...

Answers how much to order when to order. Reduced price when item is purchased in larger quantities.The first model we will present is called the economic order quantity EOQ. We will discuss two types of quantity discount contracts: all units discounts and.buy the lowest total cost quantity, save the buyer money and, in some cases, receive more goods. quantity discount model example When we buy ...

A significant emphasis on scaling up food security efforts is needed to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) by 2030. Scaling sustainable intensification for Cambodian smallholder farmers key since they face greater exposure the uncertainties of climate change, globalizing markets, and rural-to-urban migration. One way increase effectiveness technologies through improving access...

this paper represents a theoretical model from which the supply function for a durable goods is derived. it turns out that consumer at the equilibrium condition equates its user cost with the marginal value of services received by using an additional unit of durable goods. the stock price is obtained from this condition. in addition, at the equilbrium condition for producer, the stock price is ...

This paper uses a dynamic factor model for the quarterly changes in consumption goods' prices to separate them into three components: idiosyncratic relative-price changes, aggregate relative-price changes, and changes in the unit of account. The model identifies a measure of "pure" inflation: the common component in goods' inflation rates that has an equiproportional effect on all prices and is...

Analysis of the characteristics of agricultural product price volatility and trend forecasting are necessary to formulate and implement agricultural price control policies. Taking wholesale cabbage prices as an example, a multiple test methodology has been adopted to identify the nonlinearity, fractality, and chaos of the data. The approaches used include the R/S analysis, the BDS test, the pow...

a r t i c l e i n f o JEL classification: E52 G10 G14 Keywords: High oil price events Asymmetric impacts of monetary shocks Financing constraints This paper investigates whether a high oil price event that worsens the quality of a firm's balance sheet in turn provides an additional transmission channel to the stock market, which then affects stock returns. We examine the asymmetric impacts of m...

This paper uses a dynamic factor model for the quarterly changes in consumption goods’ prices to separate them into three components: idiosyncratic relative-price changes, aggregate relative-price changes, and changes in the unit of account. The model identifies a measure of “pure” inflation: the common component in goods’ inflation rates that has an equiproportional effect on all prices and is...

Advances in technology enable sellers to price discriminate based upon a customer’s previous purchase decision. E‐tailers can track items already in a shopping cart and item level RFID tags enable retailers to do the same in bricks and mortar stores. As retailers attempt to leverage the information made available from these technologies, it is important to understand how this new visibility imp...

We analyze utility functions when they depend both on the quantity of the goods consumed by the agent and on the prices of the goods. This approach allows us to model price e¤ects on agents’ preferences (e.g. the so-called Veblen e¤ect and the Patinkin formulation). We provide su‰cient conditions to observe demand monotonicity and substitution among goods. Power utility functions are investigat...