Typical pretreatment requires high-energy (steam and electricity) and corrosion-resistant, high-pressure reactors. A review of the literature suggests that fungal pretreatment could potentially lower the severity requirements of acid, temperature and time. These reductions in severity are also expected to result in less biomass degradation and consequently lower inhibitor concentrations compare...

Mushrooms traditionally collected from forests and now more cultivated have recently become the products of the fifth-largest agricultural sector in China. It was estimated that more than 25 million farmers in China are currently engaged in the collection, cultivation processing and marketing of mushrooms. The total value of mushroom products amounted to 149 billion RMB Yuan (24 billion USD) in...

In this review, adsorbents used in wastewater treatment and their technical feasibilities are reviewed. Adsorbents are classified as natural adsorbents, and the adsorbents obtained from industrial and agricultural wastes. They all were compared with each other condensing the metal binding capacities, costs and metal removal performances in waste water treatments. Although commercial activated c...

One of the greatest challenges facing most urban centers in Nigeria today is how to cope with the increasing volume of solid wastes being generated daily by its populace. Municipal solid waste tend to be one of the most visible and serious environmental problems in Nigerian cities [1]. This is manifested by large refuse heaps which dot most carriageways, streets and surroundings disfiguring the...

Maize is grown in large quantities for nutritional purpose; its agricultural by-product is the corn stover, which is usually unused. Because of its high abundance and high cellulose content, it is a promising substrate for biogas production. However, this cellulose-rich biomass is not used in anaerobic fermentors today, due to its insolubility. It forms a solid crust at the top of the liquid ph...

Global waste production has raised recently due to numerous agricultural and industrial activities. Among other actions devoted to waste reduction, revaluation seems to be the most advantageous one from an environmental and economic point of view. In the olive oil sector, by-product management (namely olive pomace, olive mill wastewater, and sludge residue) poses serious problems for companies,...

A number of novel adsorbents are being investigated in search of an alternative to Commercial Activated Carbon (CAC). Several methodologies are being followed in the preparation of adsorbents from their raw materials. The raw materials used for the preparation of novel adsorbents are broadly classified under three main categories: (i) Agricultural Wastes (AW) (ii) Industrial Wastes (IW) and (ii...

vermicomposting, or using worms along with bacteria and fungi to recycle agricultural and organic wastes into nutrient-rich bio-fertilizer, has a variety of uses including protecting plants from disease. through semi-structured in-person interviews, vermicompost practitioners across kermanshah province of iran were surveyed to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (swo...

One of the greatest challenges facing most urban centers in Nigeria today is how to cope with the increasing volume of solid wastes being generated daily by its populace. Municipal solid waste tend to be one of the most visible and serious environmental problems in Nigerian cities [1]. This is manifested by large refuse heaps which dot most carriageways, streets and surroundings disfiguring the...

In Ireland, conversion of biodegradable farm wastes such as pig manure spent mushroom compost and poultry litter wastes to pelletised fertilisers is a desirable option for farmers. In this paper, results obtained from the composting of pig waste solids (20% w/w) blended with other locally available biodegradable wastes comprising poultry litter (26% w/w), spent mushroom compost (26% w/w), cocoa...