Many viruses use overprinting (alternate reading frame utilization) as a means to increase protein diversity in genomes severely constrained by size. However, the evolutionary steps that facilitate the de novo generation of a novel protein within an ancestral ORF have remained poorly characterized. Here, we describe the identification of an overprinting gene, expressed from an Alternate frame o...

With increasing demand for multimedia and realtime applications, local area network (LAN) technologies are rapidly being upgraded to support Quality-of-Service (QoS). Many QoS-enabled LANs are making use of resource allocation mechanisms that can discriminate among traffic classes of different priorities. When such LANs are interconnected by bridges to form an extended LAN, it is necessary to u...

Motions with respect to one inertial (or “map”) frame are often described in terms of the coordinate time/velocity pair (or “kinematic”) of the map frame itself. Since not all observers experience time in the same way, other time/velocity pairs describe map-frame trajectories as well. Such coexisting kinematics provide alternate variables to describe acceleration. We outline a general strategy ...

Four transcription variants have been characterized. MAP2 Isoform 5 (NM_001039538.1 --> NP_001034627.1): The difference in this isoform is characterized by the 5' UTR which results in the production of a longer protein when compared to isoform 2. MAP2 Isoform 1 (NM_002374.3 --> NP_002365.3): This isoform is thought to be the longest encoded and contains three alternative in-frame exons when com...

In the present paper, the focus is on the evaluation of steel dual-system frame buildings using four main types of structural analysis (Linear Static, Linear Dynamic, Nonlinear Static and Nonlinear Dynamic Analyses) with regard to "Seismic Rehabilitation Code for Existing Buildings in Iran" (based on FEMA 273 and 356) where the first two authors of the article tend to follow the previous work (...

Dual-rail encoding, return-to-spacer protocol and hazard-free logic can be used to resist power analysis attacks by making energy consumed per clock cycle independent of processed data. Standard dual-rail logic uses a protocol with a single spacer, e.g. all-zeroes, which gives rise to energy balancing problems. We address these problems by incorporating two spacers; the spacers alternate betwee...

Introduction: In high-speed systems, the major nonlinear transmission penalties generally come from intrachannel interactions such as intrachannel cross-phase modulation (IXPM) and intrachannel four wave mixing (IFWM) [1–3]. IXPM can be effectively suppressed by optimum dispersion management [4], but IFWM remains a limiting factor in long-haul high-bit-rate systems where short pulses may signif...

In this paper we suggest that online environments can function as alternate “organizations” for pre-service and beginning teachers who may find themselves struggling in schools. Building on prior work on framing and reframing in organizations and schools, the authors present a new frame of analysis specifically geared for web-based learning/support communities. Data consist of transcripts from ...

Dual-rail encoding, return-to-spacer protocol and hazard-free logic can be used to resist differential power analysis attacks by making the power consumption independent of processed data. Standard dual-rail logic uses a protocol with a single spacer, e.g. all-zeroes, which gives rise to power balancing problems. We address these problems by incorporating two spacers; the spacers alternate betw...

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) actively evades host interferon (IFN) responses but the mechanisms of how it does so are not completely understood. In this study, we present evidence for an HCV factor that contributes to the suppression of retinoic-acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-mediated IFN induction. Expression of frameshift/alternate reading frame protein (F/ARFP) from HCV -2/+1 frame in Huh7 hepatom...