Mobile sources are among the largest contributors of four hazardous air pollutants--benzene, 1,3-butadiene, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde--in urban areas. At the same time, federal and state governments are promoting the use of alternative fuel vehicles as a means to curb local air pollution. As yet, the impact of this movement toward alternative fuels with respect to toxic emissions has not b...

Liquid fuels have been used for many years as the most dominant and basic fuel for motor engines. However, declining fossil fuel resources as well as the tendency for developing new renewable biofuels have shifted the interest of the society towards finding novel alternative fuel sources. Biodiesel (monoalkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids) has a great potential as an alternative diesel fuel....

While sulfir in diesel fuels helps reduce friction and prevents wear and galling in fuel pump and injector systems, it also creates environmental pollution in the form of hazardous particulate and S02 emissions. The environmental concern is the driving force behind industry’s efforts to come up with new alternative approaches to this problem. One such approach is to replace sulfur in diesel fue...

Today there is a worldwide interest in the use of biomass as an environmental friendly renewable energy source. The depletion of fossil oil reserves, constant uncertainties as far as price is concerned, unsecured supplies, and environmental pollution are among the many energy problems, when the use of fossil fuels are considered. Greenhouse effect and its consequences on climate change is one o...

This study aims to provide an Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) perspective of the production and distribution alternative marine fuels in Brazilian ports, considering International Maritime Organization (IMO) emission reduction target for 2050 (IMO2050). Although other mitigation measures are available, it is likely that will be required, implying additional costs entailing relevant impacts on...

Marine transportation is considered to be one of the most important aspects global services. Due increase in marine transportation, there are significant impacts on environment. One possible measures for mitigation environmental impact could switching environmentally friendly fuel. However, alternative fuel selection process a problem due various criteria and stakeholders that should involved p...

Shipping emissions are expected to grow together with world trade. For this reason, the European Union is targeting shipping both by penalizing use of fossil fuels and creating incentives for sector increase role alternative fuels. This research presents an estimate when what assumptions low-carbon carbon–neutral maritime will be competitive against fuels, while also examining cost impact on in...