The deductive paradigm has produced notable successes in epidemiology and public health. But while deductive logic has made a substantial contribution to the public health field, it must be recognized that there are also limits to that contribution. This report examines one such limit: the need for non-deductive models in public health reasoning. The findings of a study of public health reasoni...

1 Research and epistemology .................................................................................1 2 Inductive and deductive reasoning .......................................................................2 3 The scientific method ............................................................................................2 4 Objectivity and subjectivity................................

the theologians school is one of the most famous theological schools among sunnis, mo’tazelah and abaziye. using a deductive manner and by clarifying cases and regardless of jurisprudence precepts, theological rules are set and developed in this school. the sources of research in this school include theological rules, theology, dialect, jurisprudence and the logic. the main strategies of this m...

After classifying relevance approaches into ante-, inand postvalidity approaches I present the replacement criterion for relevance and demonstrate some of its applications, in particular to theorem proving.

In many economic contexts decision makers interact and take actions that extend through time. A bargaining party makes an offer, which is observed by the adversary, and accepted, rejected or followed by a counter-offer. Firms competing in markets choose prices, levels of advertisement, or investments with the intent of thereby influencing the future behaviour of competitors. One could add many ...

This paper begins with a review of the literature on plausible reasoning with deductive arguments containing a conditional premise. There is concurring evidence that people presented with valid conditional arguments such as Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens generally do not endorse the conclusion, but rather find it uncertain, in case (1) the plausibility of the major conditional premise is debata...