background: polycystic ovaries syndrome (pcos) is the most common disorder in infertile women with ovulation sterility. there are some instances of abnormal endocrine in the women stricken by this syndrome and so the clinical results of ovulating induction in them, because of severe response of ovary against ovulating induction, are very discussing and may lead to different results from those w...

objectives: otoacoustic emissions (oaes) are sounds that originate in cochlea and are measured in external auditory canal and provide a simple, efficient and non-invasive objective indicator of healthy cochlear function. olivo cochlear bundle (ocb) or auditory efferent system is a neural feedback pathway which originated from brain stem and terminated in the inner ear and can be evaluated non-i...

Prostate cancer is dependent on circulating testosterone in its early stages and is treatable with radiation and surgery. However, recurrent prostate tumors advance to an androgen-independent state in which they progress in the absence of circulating testosterone, leading to metastasis and death. During the development of androgen independence, prostate cancer cells are known to increase intrac...

PURPOSE After an initial response to androgen ablation, most prostate tumors recur, ultimately progressing to highly aggressive androgen-independent cancer. The molecular mechanisms underlying progression are not well known in part due to the rarity of androgen-independent samples from primary and metastatic sites. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We compared the gene expression profiles of 10 androgen-in...

In the previous study (Jordan et al., 1989), we demonstrated that androgen treatment of juvenile male rats inhibits the elimination of synapses in the levator ani (LA) muscle. In the present study, we asked whether synapse elimination would occur once this juvenile androgen treatment ended. Castrated male rats were given androgen during a juvenile treatment period (7-34 d) and were killed 4 or ...

Red deer stags produce an androgen-dependent mane of long hairs only in the breeding season; in the non-breeding season, when circulating androgen levels are low, the neck hair resembles the rest of the coat. This study was designed to determine whether androgen receptors are present in deer follicles throughout the year or only in the mane (neck) follicles when circulating testosterone levels ...

PURPOSE To discuss the role of membrane androgen receptors and to investigate the potential role of testosterone-albumin conjugate in the prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified studies published from 1990 onwards by searching the MEDLINE database of the National Library of Medicine. Initial search terms were "androgen receptors, cytoplasmic androgen receptor, and...

Prostate cancer is the most frequent non-skin cancer in men. Although the mechanisms involved in the progression of prostate cancer are not entirely understood, androgen receptor has been shown to play an important role. Androgen receptor is expressed in both early and late-stage prostate cancer. Also, androgen-regulated pathways are thought to be active as evidenced by elevated levels of prost...

The relative contributions of innervation and androgen to three muscle fiber properties-twitch type, size, and number-were examined in the sexually dimorphic, androgensensitive laryngeal muscle of Xenopus laevis. In adults, the muscle contains all fast-twitch fibers in males and fastand slow-twitch fibers in females; laryngeal muscle fibers are larger and more numerous in males than in females....

Treatment for prostatic adenocarcinoma is reliant on the initial androgen dependence of this tumor type. The goal of therapy is to eliminate androgen receptor activity, either through direct inhibition of the receptor or through inhibition of androgen synthesis. Although this course of therapy is initially effective, androgen-refractory tumors ultimately arise and lead to patient morbidity. Fac...