the main disorder are due to sex chromosomal aberration comprising 2644(82.5%), cases ranging from 1211  klinefelter followed by 1025 turner  syndrome, 345 triple x, 49 double y and 14 cases of xx male. the second group consists 116 cases of gonadal dysgenesis bearing 0.042 risk of malignant transformation for xy gonadal dysgenesis. the 3rd group is hormonal defects consisting 29 cases of conge...

Androgens are critical steroid hormones that determine the expression of the male phenotype. Their actions are mediated by a single androgen receptor (AR) which, upon ligand binding, translocates to the nucleus to regulate the expression of androgen-responsive genes. Mutations that disrupt AR function totally result in the complete feminization of 46 XY individuals and the complete androgen ins...

We appreciate Balsamo and colleagues’ interest [1] in our recent paper [2] about a case of complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS). We are grateful for their insightful comments and the opportunity to clarify a number of elements from our work. Since many of the opinions expressed in their letter are based on biased interpretation of data, we would like to point-to-point answer their qu...

Disorders of gender identity involve a greater number of disciplines than most other areas of psychiatry.a Endocrinologists, speech and language therapists, and surgeons (ears, nose and throat, plastic and urological) are routinely involved. Further, the field is highly politicised, attracting much public fascination and arousing strong opinions. Disorders of gender identity have probably alway...

OBJECTIVE To study the value of measuring serum luteinising hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). DESIGN Retrospective study of patients on a nationwide register of AIS. PATIENTS Sixty one cases of AIS with androgen receptor (AR) dysfunction (abnormalities of the AR gene and/or abnormal AR bind...