The main issue with this manuscript is that some of the results were already presented in a recent paper published by Dumka and Kaskaoutis (2014). In the Abstract the authors write that “The present study examines the temporal (monthly, seasonal) evolution of scattering and absorption coefficients, their wavelength dependence. . .”. This was already presented in Dumka and Kaskaoutis (2014) toge...

Using ultrafast, time-resolved, 1.54 angstrom x-ray diffraction, thermal and ultrafast nonthermal melting of germanium, involving passage through nonequilibrium extreme states of matter, was observed. Such ultrafast, optical-pump, x-ray diffraction probe measurements provide a way to study many other transient processes in physics, chemistry, and biology, including direct observation of the ato...

Squashing salivary glands of Chironomus thummi larvae, Amblystoma tigrinum erythrocytes, or Spirostromum frequently results in stretched chromatin having highly oriented DNA as determined by polarized fluorescence microscopy of acridine orange-stained preparations. The examination of such material from C. thummi in the electron microscope indicates that the individual chromatin fibers have an a...

DNA glycosylases must interrogate millions of base pairs of undamaged DNA in order to locate and then excise one damaged nucleobase. The nature of this search process remains poorly understood. Here we report the use of disulfide cross-linking (DXL) technology to obtain structures of a bacterial DNA glycosylase, MutM, interrogating undamaged DNA. These structures, solved to 2.0 angstrom resolut...

Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films, prepared by transferring an amphiphilic molecular monolayer (Langmuir monolayer) from a water surface onto a solid substrate, represent both archetypal and prototypical “organized films” (OFs). Known since about 80 years, LB films can be considered from many points of view as one of the prominent predecessors of what we call nanoscience today [1]. Their impact on i...

Molecular structures, dynamics and chemical properties are determined by shared electrons in valence shells. We show how one can selectively remove a valence electron from either Pi vs. Sigma or bonding vs. nonbonding orbital by applying an intense infrared laser field to an ensemble of aligned molecules. In molecules, such ionization often induces multielectron dynamics on the attosecond time ...

Emerging X-ray free-electron lasers with femtosecond pulse duration enable single-shot snapshot imaging almost free from sample damage by outrunning major radiation damage processes. In bioimaging, it is essential to keep the sample close to its natural state. Conventional high-resolution imaging, however, suffers from severe radiation damage that hinders live cell imaging. Here we present a me...

An experiment was conducted to examine the hypothesis that the right hand system is superior in the processing of visual information. A manual aiming task utilizing four visual conditions was employed. In the full-vision (FV) condition subjects were afforded vision of both the hand and the target throughout the course of the movement. In the ambient-illumination-off (AO) condition, the room lig...

Consistently predicting biopolymer structure at atomic resolution from sequence alone remains a difficult problem, even for small sub-segments of large proteins. Such loop prediction challenges, which arise frequently in comparative modeling and protein design, can become intractable as loop lengths exceed 10 residues and if surrounding side-chain conformations are erased. Current approaches, s...

The donor/acceptor energy mismatch and vibrational coupling strength dependences of interionic vibrational energy transfer kinetics in electrolyte aqueous solutions were investigated with ultrafast multiple-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy. An analytical equation derived from the Fermi's Golden rule that correlates molecular structural parameters and vibrational energy transfer kinetics was...