Research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is faced with the challenge of understanding how a traumatic experience produces long-lasting detrimental effects on behavior and brain functioning, and more globally, how stress exacerbates somatic disorders, including cardiovascular disease. Moreover, the design of translational research needs to link animal models of PTSD to clinically releva...

The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is suppressed by pro-inflammatory mediators in systemic disease, which affects the thyroid hormone level. Canine parvovirus one of important infectious diseases causes profound morbidity as well mortality dogs. It found that canine infection can result non-thyroidal sickness syndrome. relation between pathology and will pave way for therapeutic preventive...

Experimental animal models have an important place in medical research for the development of new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of the ocular diseases in humans. The aim of using animal models in ocular experiments is to achieve the easiness in the understanding of the pathophysiology of the diseases and to determine the specific treatment protocols for the diseases. Currently, a numb...

The etiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is unknown but thought to be multifactorial. Several animal models have been developed that induce death without pre-existing symptoms and with pathology similar to that seen in SIDS infants; however, the relevance of these animal models to the events leading to SIDS remains elusive, in part because animal models are as varied as the potential...

INTRODUCTION: Clinical studies of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), a pressure-induced neuropathy of the median nerve, are limited by the difficulty of evaluating the early stages of pathology. Thus, a validated animal model of CTS is an important need. A proper animal model would have comparable anatomy to the human carpal tunnel. In addition, because carpal tunnel syndrome is characterized by inc...

Lesions restricted to the frontal lobes do not ordinarily produce an amnesic syndrome in man. However, recent research has demonstrated that amnesic patients who are characterized by signs of frontal lobe pathology show patterns of memory performance that are different from those shown by amnesic patients without frontal signs. This article reviews evidence concerning the influence of frontal l...

Xuan Pan, Madhusudhan Papasani, Yi Hao, Marco Calamito, Fang Wei, William J Quinn III, Arindam Basu, Junwen Wang, Suchita Hodawadekar, Kristina Zaprazna, Huifei Liu, Yang Shi, David Allman, Michael Cancro and Michael L Atchison* Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelma...

First submission on 18/09/13; last submission on 18/01/14; accepted for publication on 20/01/14; published on 20/02/14 1. PhD in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Professor of Internal Medicine Department at Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB). 2. Doctoral student of Pharmaceutical Sciences at UFPB. 3.PhD in Pharmaceutical Sciences; professor of the Post Graduation Program in Bioactive Natural and Sy...

The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been postulated to preferentially impact specific neural networks in the brain. The olfactory system is a well-defined network that has been implicated in early stages of the disease, marked by impairment in olfaction and the presence of pathological hallmarks of the disease, even before clinical presentation. Discovering the cellular mechanisms ...