Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, one the leading producers temperate fruits in India, is process adopting high-density apple cultivation. Establishment orchard involves a very high cost which gets compensated by higher productivity during its productive life. Considering profitability cultivating need was felt to examine quality yield potential that could guide Government formulate roadmap...

Scholars frequently use ex post evaluation metrics such as the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) to estimate forecast accuracy. However, ante are essential know whether a given forecasting model is suitable for variable irrespective of outcome evaluations. The measures help us ensure that accurate, not by chance. current study presents Posterior Variance Test (PVT), which can serve an measu...

We present a generalization of the standard random-search model of unemployment in which firms hire multiple workers and in which the hiring process is timeconsuming as well as costly. We follow Stole and Zwiebel (1996a, 1996b) and assume that wages are determined by continuous bargaining between the firm and its employees. The model generates a nontrivial dispersion of firm sizes; when firms’ ...

The ex ante real rate of interest is one of the most important concepts in economics and finance. Because the universally-used Fisher theory of interest requires positive ex ante real interest rates, empirical estimates of the ex ante real interest rate derived from the Fisher theory of interest should also be positive. Unfortunately, virtually all estimates of the ex ante real interest rate pu...

Agricultural policies are increasingly replaced by agro-environmental and rural-development polices. The rationale behind this evolution is that the policies seek to enhance the sustainability of agricultural systems and contributions from these systems to sustainable development at large. The same can be argued for agricultural innovations; they are increasingly aimed at serving a range of sus...

− Noise in deep submicron technology combined with the move towards dynamic circuit techniques for higher performance have raised concerns about reliability and energyefficiency of VLSI systems in the deep submicron era. To address this problem, a new noise-tolerant dynamic circuit technique is presented. In addition, the average noise threshold energy (ANTE) and the energy normalized ANTE metr...