Toxicity of snake envenomation depends on many parameters such as type and the size of the snake, the amount of venom injection, the number of bites, the age of bitten person, the bite area and sensitivity to the venom. The presence of systemic diseases in bitten individuals and age factor may affect the clinical picture. The majority of snake bites occur in the extremities and compartment synd...

Objective: Envenomation by heamotoxic snakes constituted a critical health occurrence in the world. Bleeding is the most sever consequence following snake bite with viperid and crothalid snakes. It is believed that the degradation of vascular membrane caused hemorrhage; in contrast, some suggested that direct cytotoxicity has role in endothelial cell disturbances. This study was to evaluate the...

This study reports a case of Serratia marcescens cellulitis following a snakebite in a 50-year-old woman. The bite was on the dorsum of the right hand with symptoms of envenomation. She developed swelling and cellulitis with tissue necrosis. Wound debridement was performed.  Pus and tissue biopsy cultures yielded Serratia marcescens sensitive to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, third-generati...

echis carinatus (saw-scale viper) is one of the most venomous snakes in asia and some parts of the africa with deadly hemotoxic venom. it has been reported that suramin, an antitrypansomiasis drug, can inhibits the toxic effects of some snake venoms. this study was conducted to evaluate the antagonistic effects of suramin against the venom of the iranian snake echis carinatus. adult albino mice...

Lately several naturally occurring peptides presenting antimicrobial activity have been described in the literature. However, snake venoms, which are an enormous source of peptides, have not been fully explored for searching such molecules. The aim of this work is to review the basis of antimicrobial mechanisms revealing snake venom as a feasible source for searching an antibiotic prototype. Th...

Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are abundant in the venoms of vipers and rattlesnakes, playing important roles for the snake adaptation to different environments, and are related to most of the pathological effects of these venoms in human victims. The effectiveness of SVMPs is greatly due to their functional diversity, targeting important physiological proteins or receptors in different...

background:envenomation by macrovipera lebetina (m. lebetina) is characterized by prominent local tissue damage, hemorrhage, abnormalities in the blood coagulation system, necrosis, and edema. however, the main cause of death after a bite by m. lebetina has been attributed to acute renal failure (arf). it is unclear whether the venom components have a direct or indirect action in causing arf. t...

Neutralization effects of Acorus calamus and Withania somnifera root extracts were tested against Echis carinatus venom. Both plant extracts were effectively neutralized the various pharmacological activities induced by Echis carinatus venom. About 0.14 mg of Acorus calamus and 0.16 mg of Withania somnifera root extracts were able to completely neutralize the lethal a...

A long-standing question in evolutionary studies of snake venoms is the extent to which phylogenetic divergence and diet can account for between-species differences in venom composition. Here we apply phylogeny-based comparative methods to address this question. We use data on venom variation generated using proteomic techniques for all members of a small clade of rattlesnakes (Sistrurus sp.) a...