A realist view of numbers often rests on the following thesis: statements like ‘The number of moons of Jupiter is four’ are identity statements in which the copula is flanked by singular terms whose semantic function consists in referring to a number (henceforth: Identity). On the basis of Identity the realists argue that the assertive use of such statements commits us to numbers. Recently, som...

The importance of risk in trust-based systems is well established. This paper presents a novel model of risk and decision-making based on economic theory. Use of the model is illustrated by way of a collaborative spam detection application.

The A theory of user expectation of system interaction is introduced in the context of User Adapted Interfaces. The usability of an intelligent email client that learns to filter spam emails is tested under three variants of adaptation: no user modeling, user modeling with fixed (optimal) spam cut-offs, and user modeling with user adjustable spam cut-offs. The results supported our hypothesis t...

With the generalization of mobile communication systems, solicitations of all kinds in the form of messages and emails are received by users with increasing proportion of malicious ones. They are customized to pass anti-spam filters and ask the person to click or to open the joined dangerous attachment. Current filters are very inefficient against spear phishing emails. It is proposed to improv...

This paper introduces an email sending technique, called trustworthy self regulation (TSR), which enables the receiver of an email message to recognize the sending protocol that generated it. The availability of this sending technique is expected to help induce email users to send messages via spam-immune protocols preferred by their destination users—thus producing less spam. The TSR email sen...

We present a comprehensive review of the most effective content-based e-mail spam filtering techniques. We focus primarily on Machine Learning-based spam filters and their variants, and report on a broad review ranging from surveying the relevant ideas, efforts, effectiveness, and the current progress. The initial exposition of the background examines the basics of e-mail spam filtering, the ev...

Traditional spam detection systems either rely on content analysis to detect spam emails, or attempt to detect spammers before they send a message, (i.e., they rely on the origin of the message). In this paper, we introduce a third approach: we present a system for filtering spam that takes into account how messages are sent by spammers. More precisely, we focus on the email delivery mechanism,...

The problem of finding locally dense components of a graph is an important primitive in data analysis, with wide-ranging applications from community mining to spam detection and the discovery of biological network modules. In this paper we present new algorithms for finding the densest subgraph in the streaming model. For any > 0, our algorithms make O(log1+ n) passes over the input and find a ...

Economic lifting has made email spam a scathing threat to the society due to its related exploits. Many spam detection schemes have been proposed employing the tendency of spam to alter the normal statistical behavior of mail traffic. Threshold tuning of these detectors is still a challenging task. Since, shooting down benign emails as spam (false positive), in pursuit of higher detection rates...

As the use of mobile phones grows, spams are becoming increasingly common in mobile communication such as SMS, calling for research on SMS spam detection. Existing detection techniques for SMS spams have been mostly adapted from those developed for other contexts such as emails and the web without taking into account some unique characteristics of SMS. Additionally, spamming tactics is constant...