Gastrocnemius intramuscular aponeurotic recession is performed on the anterior surface of the muscular-bound portion of the gastrocnemius aponeurosis, in the "transection zone" located inferior to the region where the aponeurosis is formed by the separate tendons of the medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius, and superior to the inferior portions of the muscle's 2 heads. Measurements showed ...

PURPOSE We recently demonstrated the morphology of the anococcygeal ligament. As the anococcygeal ligament and raphe are often confused, the concept of the anococcygeal raphe needs to be re-examined from the perspective of fetal development, as well as in terms of adult morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the horizontal sections of 15 fetuses as well as adult histology. From cadaver...

The sternocleidomastoid, a prominent landmark of neck, offers protection to the major blood vessels and the nerves of this region. In recent era, this muscle has received a great attention of oncologists, general surgeons and plastic surgeons as it can be used as an excellent myocutaneous flap in reconstructive surgeries of head and neck region. The sternocleidomastoid is the key muscle of the ...

PURPOSE To compare the inflammatory reaction and the growing resistance of the abdominal wall with the use of poliglecaprone meshes and polypropylene meshes associated with poliglecaprone in the correction of abdominal defects. METHODS Seventy-seven Wistar rats were divided into three groups: CG (non-operated animals: EG (polypropylene mesh) and UG (polypropylene and poliglecaprone mesh). A m...

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a hereditary condition transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion, which is characterized by the appearance of numerous adenomatous polyps in the colon. This condition results from mutation of the APC gene and accounts for 1% of cases of colorectal cancer. FAP is frequently associated with extracolonic manifestations: desmoid tumors, osteomas, pigmented...

Many investigators have detailed the soft tissue anatomy of the face. Despite the broad reference base, confusion remains about the consistent nature of the fascial anatomy of the craniofacial soft tissue envelope in relation to the muscular, neurovascular and specialised structures. This confusion is compounded by the lack of consistent terminology. This study presents a coherent account of th...

BACKGROUND The recommended surgical treatment for chronic neuropathic pain after herniorrhaphy has been a 2-stage operation including: (1) ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric neurectomies through an inguinal approach and (2) genital nerve neurectomy through a flank approach. HYPOTHESIS A 1-stage surgical procedure resecting all 3 nerves from an anterior approach avoids a second operation through...

The adherence of the overlying tissues to the underlying structures in the face is maintained by the retaining ligaments. True retaining ligaments named orbital, zygomatic and mandibular ligaments are a series of fibrous bands that run from periosteum to the dermis. The tethering effect of true retaining ligaments must be released for achieving a satisfactory movement of facial skin and Superfi...

The face, seen as a unitary region is subject to the gravitational force. Since it is the main relational and socialization region of each individual, it presents unique ways of suspension. The elevation system of the face is complex, and it includes four different elements: the continuity with the epicranial fascia, the adhesion of superficial structures to the peri- and inter-orbital mimic mu...

BACKGROUND The clinical picture of blepharoptosis varies from a cosmetic problem to severe visual dysfunction depending on the pathogenesis and the degree of ptosis. OBJECTIVE To study the type, pattern and causes of ptosis in patients seeking oculopastic care in western Terai of Nepal Patients and methods: A retrospective descriptive hospital based was carried out over a period of 2 years in...