development of new technologies and combined with creativity and innovation, plays the fundamental role in developing of any community′s value. thus, in this research the design and production of hydroforming device was introduced. one of the best and most efficient technologies in the world of metal forming is wind turbine blade producing with hydroforming method which seems as an innovative m...

Calibration of forcefields for molecular simulation should account for the measurement uncertainty of the reference dataset and for the model inadequacy, i.e., the inability of the force-field/simulation pair to reproduce experimental data within their uncertainty range. In all rigour, the resulting uncertainty of calibrated force-field parameters is a source of uncertainty for simulation predi...

We built a cryogenic nucleation pulse chamber for measuring homogeneous nucleation rates of argon. First measurements show that the growth rate of argon droplets at nucleation conditions is rather high so that nucleation and growth could not yet be decoupled. Nevertheless, the experiments permit an estimate of the onset of nucleation corresponding to a nucleation rate of J=10(7(+/-2)) cm(-3) s(...

We report detailed measurements of the high-harmonic spectra generated from argon atoms. The spectra exhibit a deep minimum that is shown to be independent of the laser intensity, and is thus a clear measure of the electronic structure of the atom. We show that exact field-free continuum wave functions reproduce the minimum, but plane wave and Coulomb wave functions do not. This remarkable obse...

We directly measure the nonlinear optical response in argon and nitrogen in a thin gas target to laser intensities near the ionization threshold. No instantaneous negative nonlinear refractive index is observed, nor is saturation, in contrast with a previous measurement [Opt. Express 17, 13429 (2009)] and calculations [Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 183902 (2011)]. In addition, we are able to cleanly se...

We show that higher-order nonlinear indices (n(4), n(6), n(8), n(10)) provide the main defocusing contribution to self-channeling of ultrashort laser pulses in air and argon at 800 nm, in contrast with the previously accepted mechanism of filamentation where plasma was considered as the dominant defocusing process. Their consideration allows us to reproduce experimentally observed intensities a...

Optical emission spectroscopic studies of laser-created argon sparks are carried out. Pulses of 532 nm and 8 ns from a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser are used to create an argon spark at 1 atm. Gated photography of 2 ns is used to investigate spark evolution at early times. Electron temperature and density measurements are made from the spectral data. The Stark broadening of emission lines is u...

We report on an element-dependent critical size for argon physisorption at 80 K on transition-metal-doped silicon clusters. Argon does not attach to elemental silicon clusters but only to surface-located transition-metal atoms. Thus physisorption provides structural information. Specifically, the minimal cluster size for the formation of endohedral singly metal-doped silicon cages has been dete...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy, safety and medium-/long-term clinical course of patients undergoing endoscopic treatment with argon plasma coagulation for hemorrhagic radiation proctopathy. DESIGN Descriptive, retrospective study with medium- and long-term follow-up. PATIENTS, MATERIAL AND METHODS Ten patients were treated with argon plasma coagulation for hemorrhagic radiation proctopa...

The recent dramatic success of the ICARUS 300-ton liquid-argon time-projection-chamber prototype [1] indicates that it is timely to review the possibilities for large-scale application of this technology for accelerator-based neutrino physics, neutrino astrophysics, and proton decay [2]. A full exploration of the MNS neutrino mixing matrix (and extensions if sterile neutrinos exist) should be p...