abstract this study investigated the predictability of variables from a motivational framework as well as individuals qualities to predict three non-linguistic outcomes of language learning. gardners socio-educational model with its measures has been used in the current study. individual qualities presented in this study include (1) age, (2) gender, and (3) language learning experience. the...

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, although hospital staff cared for patients, they were recognized in the community as an asymptomatic carrier and people were afraid and anxious about them. To the extent thateven the families of hospital staff experienced this social stigma, and many people cut off contact with them. In addition to the stigma that medical staff received from people du...

testing plays a vital role in any language teaching program. it allows teachers and stakeholders, including program administrators, parents, admissions officers and prospective employers to be assured that the learners are progressing according to an accepted standard (douglas, 2010). the problems currently facing language testers have both practical and theoretical implications but the first i...