Increasing evidence suggest that astrocytes significantly modulate neuronal function at the level of the tripartite synapse both in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The global control of the astrocytic syncytium over neuronal networks, however, is still less recognized. Here we examined astrocytic signaling during epileptiform activity which is generally attributed to large-scal...

Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas (PXAs) are rare neoplasms comprising less than 1% of all astrocytic tumors, World Health Organization (WHO) grade II glial tumour.

Inflammatory polyps of the nasal turbinates (IPNT) in cats are benign growths that are histologically distinct from feline nasopharyngeal polyps. Most cats with IPNT are presented at less than 1 year of age with sneezing, noisy breathing and epistaxis, but without mucoid or mucopurulent nasal discharge. Histologically, IPNT are characterised by the presence of woven bone as part of the prolifer...

Brunner's gland hamartoma is a rare benign tumour of the duodenum. It was first described by Cruveilhier in 1835. Presently around 200 cases have been reported in literature. No sex predilection is seen. Patients usually present in the fifth to sixth decades of life. They may be clinically silent or may present with variable symptoms and occasionally obstructive symptoms and chronic pancreatiti...

Introduction. Lung hamartomas are the most common benign tumors of the lung. Typically, they are located in the peripheral lung, while an endobronchial localisation is rare. Case Presentation. We present a case with the rare diagnosis of an endobronchial hamartoma as incidental finding in a 69-year-old male, caucasian patient with atrial fibrillation. At first admission, the patient's exertiona...

Solid hamartoma of the pancreas is very rare, and only 3 cases have been reported thus far. A patient underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy due to a mass in the head of the pancreas which was suspected to be a borderline malignant tumor, but the histologic diagnosis turned out to be myoepithelial hamartoma (MEH) or adenomyoma. It was characterized by benign duct and glandular structures surrounded ...

Pancreatic hamartoma is an extremely rare, non-neoplastic, mass-forming lesion that may be mistaken for malignancy, and the pre-operative diagnosis is particularly challenging. The published literature contains only 23 cases of pancreatic hamartoma. The majority of the cases reported patients with a single benign tumor-like disease that received a pancreatectomy. Immunohistochemical findings co...

RMH: rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma INTRODUCTION Rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma (RMH) is a rare congenital lesion in the dermal and subcutaneous tissues of newborns that was first described as a striated muscle hamartoma in 1986 and named in 1989. Since then, 65 cases have been reported in the literature, some in association with other congenital abnormalities. Most cases have bee...

Hamartoma is a rare splenic benign tumor usually accidentally detected as a radiologic finding. Preoperative diagnosis poses a challenge and thus surgery becomes necessary to confirm the clinical suspicion. Laparoscopic splenectomy has gained consensus as a standard surgical procedure particularly for autoimmune hematological diseases. This former experience has allowed this technique to be ext...