We consider what can be learned about the nature of electroproduction from a measurement of the charge transferred across a surface in momentum space in the hadronic final state. The mean charge transfer as a function of rapidity, , can be used to test quark-parton assumptions. The mean square charge transfer, , can be measured and compared to an inclusive single particle distr...

In scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), single atoms can be imaged by detecting electrons scattered through high angles using post-specimen, annular-type detectors. Recently, it has been shown that the atomic-scale electric field of both the positive atomic nuclei and the surrounding negative electrons within crystalline materials can be probed by atomic-resolution differential pha...

The concept of atomic point charges is well established in theoretical chemistry. Atomic point charges have played an important role in understanding and modeling chemical behavior by allowing to extract and quantify information stored in the molecular electron distribution of chemical compounds. Thus, atomic point charges have been used to estimate reactivity indices, dissociation constants, p...

The nanoscale charge retention characteristics of both electrons and holes in SiO2 layers containing silicon nanocrystals were investigated with ultrahigh vacuum conductive-tip noncontact atomic force microscopy. The results revealed much longer hole retention time e.g., 1 day than that of electrons e.g., 1 h . A three-dimensional electrostatic model was developed for charge quantification and ...

The nature and control of individual metal atoms on insulators are of great importance in emerging atomic-scale technologies. Individual gold atoms on an ultrathin insulating sodium chloride film supported by a copper surface exhibit two different charge states, which are stabilized by the large ionic polarizability of the film. The charge state and associated physical and chemical properties s...

For many decades it has been assumed that an adsorbate centered above a metal surface and with a net negative charge should increase the work function of the surface. However, despite their electronegativity, N adatoms on W[100] cause a significant work function decrease. Here we present a resolution of this anomaly. Using density functional theory, we demonstrate that while the N atom carries ...

-We have investigated the influence of charge on the ground state structures for small Sin (n=5-10) clusters by using the full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital molecular-dynamics (FP-LMTO-MD) method. Addition or removal of one or two electrons does not change the geometrical configurations of the small Sin (n=5-10) clusters even though they undergo some structural distortion. But the structu...

The atomic hydrogen target has played a pivotal role in the development of quantum collision theory. The key complexities of computationally managing the countably infinite discrete states and the uncountably infinite continuum were solved by using atomic hydrogen as the prototype atomic target. In the case of positron or proton scattering the extra complexity of charge exchange was also solved...

Cosmic atomic plasmas can be divided into two broad classes: electron ionized and photoionized. Electron-ionized plasmas are formed in objects such as the sun and other stars, supernova remnants, galaxies, and the intercluster medium in clusters of galaxies. Photoionized plasmas are formed in objects such as planetary nebulae, H II regions, X-ray binaries, and active galactic nuclei. Understand...

the variations of the electrical conductivity with temperature and electric field of the ternary alloy of gallium, aluminium and arsenic (al0.75ga0.25as) with atomic compositions of 99/1 and 98/2 have been investigated. the electrical conductivity of the alloy increases with temperature according to the relation, ? = ?0 exp (??/kt). the activation energy calculated from this empirical relation ...