Evidence from subfossils and from present distributions confirming range contractions and extinctions of New Zealand amphibians and reptiles is consistent with that from New Zealand landbirds, in which 40% of the fauna, including the largest species, has become extinct in the 1000 years since human arrival. The largest extant species of all higher taxa of herpetofauna—leiopelmatid frogs, tuatar...

Parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) was used to identify areas of endemism (AOEs) for Chinese birds at the subregional level. Four AOEs were identified based on a distribution database of 105 endemic species and using 18 avifaunal subregions as the operating geographical units (OGUs). The four AOEs are the Qinghai-Zangnan Subregion, the Southwest Mountainous Subregion, the Hainan Subregion a...