The three centrally located putative accessory neurons of the muscle receptor organ (MRO) of the isopod Ligia exotica were identified to the third segmental nerve (N3) of the thoracic ganglion by backfilling with Lucifer Yellow. These neurons were then studied intracellularly and extracellularly to determine whether they suppressed the stretch-activated responses of thoracic stretch receptors. ...

1. In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that muscle spindle afferents signaling the length of hind-leg flexor muscles are involved in terminating extensor activity and initiating flexion during walking. The hip flexor muscle iliopsoas (IP) and the ankle flexors tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were stretched or vibrated at various phases of the step cycle in...

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is due to genetic abnormalities in the dystrophin gene and represents one of the most frequent genetic childhood diseases. In the X-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) mouse model of dystrophinopathy, different subtypes of skeletal muscles are affected to a varying degree albeit the same single base substitution within exon 23 of the dystrophin gene. Thus, to determine p...

Numbers of functioning motor units have been estimated in 124 muscles of boys with Duchenne dystrophy; some of the patients were studied on several occasions. In the distal muscles examined (extensor digitorum brevis, thenar, and hypothenar muscles) the losses of units were probably present at birth and did not decrease with age. In contrast, the numbers of units and of excitable muscle fibres ...

Srijit Das I read with great interest the article entitled 'Anatomical variation of radial wrist extensor muscles: a study in cadavers' by Nayak et al., which was published in the 2008;63(1) issue of Clinics. 1 The article had meticulous descriptions of some of the variations in the extensor muscles. The authors highlighted the clinical importance of the anomalous muscle in tendon transfer. It ...

Background: Proprioceptive deficits in people with low back pain (LBP) have traditionally been attributed to altered paraspinal muscle spindle afference and its central processing. Studies conducted the upper limb demonstrated that sense of effort is also an important source kinaesthetic information. Objectives: To better understand proprioceptive chronic LBP (cLBP), this study aimed test wheth...

An increase in gear ratio of the limb extensor muscles during joint extension has been suggested to be a mechanism that facilitates optimal power production by skeletal muscles. The objectives of this study were to: (1) measure gear ratios at the wrist, elbow, shoulder, ankle, knee, and hip joints of jumping dogs, (2) compute the work performed by each of these joints, and (3) measure muscle sh...

The extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) muscle originates from the distal third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus, front of lateral intermuscular septum and from the lateral epicondyle of humerus. The tendon of ECRL along with extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) passes through the second compartment of extensor retinaculum and inserts into the base of second metacarpal bone ...

Ballistic accelerations of a limb or the whole body require special joint mechanisms in many animals. Specialized joints can be moved by stereotypic or variable motor control during motor patterns with and without ballistic components. As a model of variable motor control, the specialized femur-tibia (knee) joints of cricket (Acheta domesticus) hindlegs were studied during ballistic kicking, ju...

OBJECTIVES The study of cervical muscles and their significance in the development and perpetuation of Temporomandibular Disorders has not been elucidated. Thus this project was designed to investigate the association between cervical musculoskeletal impairments and Temporomandibular Disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS A sample of 154 subjects participated in this study. All subjects underwent a ...