the object of the regional planning is optimum use of resource for the development of regions. one of the most important items in regional development is the recognition of spatial and economical structure of the region. middle sized cities, have the secondary role in the study of economical structure of the regions. global experiments demonstrate that lack of attention to the role of secondary...

We investigate a recent suggestion that the spatial distribution of earthquake hypocenters makes a fractal set with a structure and fractal dimensionality close to those of the backbone of critical percolation clusters, by analyzing four different sets of data for the hypocenter distributions and calculating the dynamical properties of the geometrical distribution such as the spectral dimension...

This paper focuses on the self-organization of ad hoc and hybrid networks. We propose to organize networks with two integrated virtual structures: a backbone and clusters. The backbone helps to optimize the flooding of control packets, and to offer a natural prolongation of the backbone of wired networks. Clusters help to hierarchize the network, each of which is managed logically by its cluste...

Structured RNA molecules play essential roles in a variety of cellular processes; however, crystallographic studies of such RNA molecules present a large number of challenges. One notable complication arises from the low resolutions typical of RNA crystallography, which results in electron density maps that are imprecise and difficult to interpret. This problem is exacerbated by the lack of com...

This paper addresses the problem of distributed connectivity constrained motion coordination of multiple autonomous mobile agents. Different from traditional flat network structure which lacks flexibility and scalability when performing complex spatially distributed tasks, a novel distributed framework for construction of backbone-based hierarchical communication networks is proposed. Firstly, ...

the city of tabriz was one of the most important and historical cities of iran which had a pre-islamic background. this city was one of the main center of azarbayjan in the most historical era and it had been capital in some era like ilkhanian, gharaghoyonlu, agh ghoyonlu and even early of safavi era. historical background and continuous efforts residents of tabriz cause to infrastructure some ...

We developed a new content routing based on the virtual backbone structure, which groups wireless nodes and contents into a virtual architecture. Our approach is scalable, works with local information, and does not rely on address information. The naming system uses flat naming to identify nodes and contents, and organizes these identifiers together. Backbone nodes can be selected automatically...

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is at the heart of smart city approach, which constitutes next level cities’ communities’ development across globe. Thereby, ICT serves as gluing component enabling different domains to interact with each other facilitating management processing vast amounts data information towards intelligently steering infrastructure processes, engaging citizens...