Responding to an urgency for new vaccines for global diseases, in September 2008 the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published an important FDA Guidance Document (see Box 1), ‘‘General Principles for the Development of Vaccines to Protect Against Global Infectious Diseases,’’ [1] that should expand the FDA’s role in facilitating t...

OBJECTIVE To review the evidence and provide recommendations on immunization in pregnancy. OUTCOMES Outcomes evaluated include effectiveness of immunization, risks and benefits for mother and fetus. EVIDENCE The Medline and Cochrane databases were searched for articles published up to June 2008 on the topic of immunization in pregnancy. VALUES The evidence obtained was reviewed and evalua...

During the development of vaccines, bacterial colony forming units (CFUs) are counted in order to quantify yield fermentation process. This manual task is long, tedious, and subject errors. In this work, multiple segmentation algorithms based on U-Net CNN architecture tested proven offer robust, automated CFU counting. It also shown that multiclass generalisation with a bespoke loss function al...

This investigation is very limited and the number of patients treated is few, yet the following conclusions may not be amiss:- 1. The vaccine in no instance did harm, and the reactions in the majority were very mild and of short duration. 2. Cases in which bacteriologically B. dysenteriae were proved to be present, but in a clinically unrecognizable form, were not affected differently from thos...

Turkeys vaccinated with various experimental vaccines and a commerical bacterin for fowl cholera and surviving an artificially induced epornitic were killed, and their carcasses were examined for wholesomeness. It was evident that, if the "fitness for human consumption" judgement was considered in addition to mortality, efficacy ratings of the various vaccines changed. This suggests that the "f...

Tobacco is the most commonly used plant for expression of transgenes from a variety of organisms, because it is easily grown and transformed, it provides abundant amounts of fresh tissue and has a well-established cell culture system. Many bacterial proteins involved in the synthesis of commercial products are currently engineered for production in tobacco. Bacterial enzymes synthesized in toba...

Viral and bacterial respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the development of vaccines and potent antibiotics. Frequently, viruses and bacteria can co-infect the same host, resulting in heightened pathology and severity of illness compared to single infections. Bacterial superinfections have been a significant cause of death during every i...