The spread of non-native species has been a subject of increasing concern since the 1980s when human-mediated transportation, mainly related to ships' ballast water, was recognized as a major vector for species transportation and spread, although records of non-native species go back as far as 16th Century. Ever increasing world trade and the resulting rise in shipping have highlighted the issu...

As large numbers of ships either take in ballast from or discharge their ballast into the Mumbai Harbor region, it is pertinent to quantify microorganisms of health concerns and suggest on the suitability of water for ballasting purposes. To meet with this main aim, a selected set of general and pathogenic bacterial groups and their seasonal variations were studied from the Mumbai Harbor area. ...

The granulometric range used has a direct influence on the life of ballast layer when subjected to load generated by rail traffic. However, in Brazil, we have only two size ranges be used. publications related subject matter under study express need for continuous grain strip, different from ones usually our railways. This more band would provide less deformation and reduction degradation, gran...

The ballast used in ballasted railway tracks transmits load from the rails and ties to subgrade during train travel, directly affects overall track support performance elastic behavior of track. Due material limitations ballast, it is difficult quantitatively manage its performance, status, shape maintenance, use requires continuous maintenance management work. In this study on a proposed mater...

ESD failure threshold of NMOS transistors is known to degrade with the use of silicided diffusions owing to insufficient ballast resistance, making them susceptible to current localization, which leads to early ESD failure. It is commonly believed that the gate-tocontact spacing of silicided devices has no impact on the ESD strength. However, experimental results presented in this paper show th...

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) failure threshold of NMOS transistors is known to degrade with the use of silicided diffusions owing to insufficient ballast resistance, making them susceptible to current localization, which leads to early ESD failure. In general, the gate-to-contact spacing of salicided devices is known to have little impact on their ESD strength. However, experimental results pr...

Elastic elements such as rail pads, under sleeper pads and under ballast mats are railway components that allow for a reduction in track deterioration and vibrations. And they are furthermore commonly used to obtain an optimal vertical stiffness of the infrastructure. However, the use of elastomeric materials can increase construction costs and the consumption of raw materials. Thus, the utiliz...

This study investigated the potential for transport of organisms between Hobart, Macquarie Island and the Antarctic continent by ships used in support of Antarctic science and tourism. Northward transport of plankton in ballast water is more likely than southward transport because ballast is normally loaded in the Antarctic and unloaded at the home port. Culturing of ballast water samples revea...

The presence and abundance of non-indigenous, and/or harmful or toxic dinoflagellate species in ballast sediments is examined for 65 cargo ships visiting ports on the East coast of Canada, as part of the Canadian Aquatic Invasive Species Network (CAISN). Ships visiting several ports in the provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were sampled during three summers (2007, 2008, 2009). T...