Low cost single stoichiometric target sputtering of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) precursor has been adopted to fabricate CZTS solar cells. The effect of a series of deposition pressures and deposition durations on the device performance has been investigated. A 3.74% efficient solar cell has been achieved at a base pressure of 1 × 10−4 Torr with a stoichiometric target, which to the authors’ knowledge, is ...

In this paper, we present a new technic based on t transient diffusion capacitance of the bifacial solar cell back surface recombination velocity (Sb) and the grain boundary recombination velocity (Sgb), we resolved the continuity equation in the base of the solar cell under monochro diffusion capacitance profile which decreases with the dynamic junction velocity (Sf), the back surface recombin...

This paper proposes representing the semantics of natural-language calendar expressions as a sequence of compositions of finite-state transducers (FSTs) that bracket the denoted periods of time on a finite timeline of nested calendar periods. In addition to simple dates and times of the day, the approach covers more complex calendar expressions. The paper illustrates the model by walking throug...

This article proposes a framework to model and reason on what we call multi-calendar appointment scheduling problems. Multicalendar appointment scheduling problems such as planning a phone conference of three persons in France, Tunisia, and Japan refer to various temporal conditions, involving arbitrary calendric types such as months (Islamic months are defined differently from Gregorian months...

â â â  parsian alluvial fan system is a part of asyab-kharabeh fluvial system that response it to quaternary climate changes is the main goal of this study. for this aim, climatic proxies and traces in alluvial fan structure were investigated base d o n four categories: aggradation and degradation phases, debris flows, size changes in deposited materials and formation of alluvial fan tufas. pri...

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The new paradigms and latest developments in the Electrical Grid are based on the introduction of distributed intelligence at several stages of its physical layer, giving birth to concepts such as Smart Grids, Virtual Power Plants, microgrids, Smart Buildings and Smart Environments. Distributed Generation (DG) is a philosophy in which energy is no longer produced exclusively in huge centralized...

A propositional temporal logic is introduced whose operators quantify over intervals of a reference time line. The intervals are specified symbolically, for example ‘next week’s weekend’. The specification language for the intervals takes into account all the features of real calendar systems. A simple statement which can be expressed in this language is for example: ‘yesterday I worked for eig...