Although road traffic has supported high economic growth after the war, it has also caused serious social problems about traffic accidents, traffic congestion, and environmental pollution. Information and communication technology (ICT), such as computers, mobile communications, and digital information processing, has made rapid progress, in the second half of the 20th century. Intelligent Trans...

England financed its war of the Austrian succession (1743-48) mainly by issuing 3% bonds and 4% callable bonds which were indeed redeemed by Pelham in 1749 through an interest reduction. Implicit policy rules and constraints made the 4% bond a derivative asset of a 3% perpetual. The price data fit with a model of pricing of this derivative. The estimated model shows that the redemption terms we...

Union Major soldier. One of the most famous and controversial figures in United States Military history. Graduated last in his West Point Class (June 1861). Spent first part of the Civil War as a courier and staff officer. Promoted from Captain to Br igadier General of Volunteers just prior to the Battle of Gettysburg, and was given command of the Michigan "Wolverines" Cavalary brigade. He help...

After the War, when Barcroft undertook to bring out a second edition of his classic, The Respiratory Functions of the Blood, the subject had expanded so much, that it seemed advisable to treat its various aspects separately in a series of small volumes. The first of these, Lessons from High Altitudes, appeared in I925; the second, Haemoglobin, has just been published. It stands as the most comp...

The scenario was aggravated by the entry of western capitalism. From the beginning of the nineteenth century, the import of goods from abroad, especially opium, had risen steeply compared to exports. Thus the balance of trade went against China. The import hike was met by the export of large quantities of silver from China to other countries. Before the beginning of the nineteenth century, tael...

This paper presents causal evidence on the long run consequences of WWII destruction on educational attainment and health status of German households. I combine a unique dataset on WWII bombing intensity in Raumordnungsregionen (Regional Policy Regions) level with the individual survey data, German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) to study the long-lasting effects of WWII devastation. The identific...

Most models of conflict concentrate on how players allocate resources between productive and fighting efforts. After a conflict, the winner is assumed to take control of all the resources of the loser. In this paper we show experimentally that this simplification misses an important component of a conflict, namely the reaction of the defeated player. We find that, if given the choice to destroy...

The paper presents personal experiences from the development and application of automation solutions, mainly in industrial environments, on six different decades spanning from late 1960’s to early 2010’s and relates them to their historical context. During the covered period tremendous developments occurred in both methodologies and enabling technologies. During and after the Second World War, ...

World War I is often said to have benefited British women by giving them the vote and by enabling them to take on traditionally male roles, including ones in science, engineering and medicine. In reality, conventional hierarchies were rapidly re-established after the Armistice. Concentrating mainly on a small group of well-qualified scientific and medical women, marginalized at the time and als...