Twist genes are essential for embryonic development and are conserved from jellyfish to human. To study the vertebrate twist family and its evolution, the entire complement of twist genes was obtained for 9 representative species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that a single protochordate twist gene was duplicated at least twice before the teleost-tetrapod split to give rise to 3 ancestral genes,...

Our investigation of knotted structures in the Protein Data Bank reveals the most complicated knot discovered to date. We suggest that the occurrence of this knot in a human ubiquitin hydrolase might be related to the role of the enzyme in protein degradation. While knots are usually preserved among homologues, we also identify an exception in a transcarbamylase. This allows us to exemplify the...

Introduction: Impact crater degradation provides a powerful tool to analyze past Martian hydrological evolution. Previous studies concluded that large impact craters were strongly degraded during early Martian history, whereas younger craters are only weakly degraded [1]. Degraded craters are therefore one of the main lines of evidence for a warmer climate on early Mars. Global altimetry and re...

In epidemiologic studies of two binary exposure factors, much attention has been given to the concept of synergism of the factors. The leading dictionary of epidemiology offers two definitions of synergism, one of which this author labels statistical and the other biologic. The epidemiologic literature has been largely concerned with statistical synergism, which is typically measured using addi...

An Bras Dermatol. 2017;92(4):584-95. Dear editor, Pemphigus is an autoimmune bullous disease that can affect the skin and mucous membranes, mediated by autoantibodies against desmosomal desmogleins, the main adhesion structures Marina Zoega Hayashida1 Jhonatan Rafael Siqueira Pinheiro1 Milvia Maria Simões e Silva Enokihara2 Mônica Ribeiro de Azevedo Vasconcellos1 t Biologic therapy-induced pemp...

Inefficient cellular delivery limits the landscape of macromolecular drugs. Boronic acids readily form boronate esters with the 1,2- and 1,3-diols of saccharides, such as those that coat the surface of mammalian cells. Here pendant boronic acids are shown to enhance the cytosolic delivery of a protein toxin. Thus, boronates are a noncationic carrier that can deliver a polar macromolecule into m...

We explore the boundary shared by biology and formal systems.

INTRODUCTION This study aimed to describe treatment changes (discontinuation, switching, and therapy add-on) following the initiation of biologic or nonbiologic oral disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients. METHODS Adult patients with ≥2 PsA diagnoses from physician office visits, initiated on a biologic or nonbiologic oral DMARD, were selected fro...

OBJECTIVE To compare discontinuation rates of first and second biologics in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by tumour-necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) status and identify predictors and reasons for discontinuation. METHODS From 1998 to 2011, self-reported medication use for RA was assessed every 6 months via questionnaire in a longitudinal study in the USA. Time-on-drug analyses were conducted for ...

PURPOSE Despite American College of Rheumatology recommendations, appropriate and timely initiation of biologic therapies does not always occur. This study examined openness to and preference for attributes of biologic therapies among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), differences in patients' and rheumatologists' perceptions, and discussions around biologic therapy initiation. PATIENTS...