introdouction: the major demand for orthodontic treatment is associated with esthetic complaints rather than with the severity of occlusal irregularities. this study evaluated the relationship between orthodontic treatment need based on index of complexity, outcome, and need (icon) and orthodontic- specific quality of life (qol) among high school students in shiraz. materials and methods: based...

The study examined school enrollment and gender gap of rural household children at the primary level. A multi-stage sampling technique was used in data collection. Probit model was used in analyzing the data set. Evidence from the analysis indicated that more boys were enrolled than girls. The factors considered affect male and female children differently. Father's education variable is signifi...

In the United States, girls and boys have similar science achievement, yet fewer girls aspire to science careers than boys. This paradox emerges in middle school, when peers begin to play a stronger role in shaping adolescent identities. We use complete network data from a single middle school and theories of gender, identity, and social distance to explore how friendship patterns might influen...

BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is diagnosed more frequently in boys than girls, even when girls are equally symptomatic. Cutting-edge behavioral imaging has detected "camouflaging" in girls with ASD, wherein social behaviors appear superficially typical, complicating diagnosis. The present study explores a new kind of camouflage based on language differences. Pauses during conversati...

OBJECTIVE To determine when gender differences in disordered eating symptoms emerge, when correlations between disordered eating and internalizing symptoms develop, and whether the relationship between internalizing and disordered eating symptoms varies based on age and/or gender. METHOD We used questionnaire data from a community sample (N = 424) of third, sixth, and ninth grade girls and bo...

Using symbolic interaction, we developed a research model that proposed adolescent perceptions of parental support and psychological control would be related to adolescent depressed mood directly and indirectly through self-esteem. We tested the model using selfreport questionnaire data from 161 adolescents living with both of their biological parents. To examine possible gender of adolescent d...

There is increasing recognition that to reduce gender inequality – a goal fundamental to improving a country’s overall health and development – programs must start with youth. Yet there has been limited engagement of both girls and boys during early adolescence to challenge and shift gender norms that contribute to girls and women having less worth, opportunities and decision-making ability tha...

OBJECTIVE To describe the growth pattern from birth to 2 years of UK-born white British and Pakistani infants. DESIGN Birth cohort. SETTING Bradford, UK. PARTICIPANTS 314 white British boys, 383 Pakistani boys, 328 white British girls and 409 Pakistani girls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Weight and length trajectories based on repeat measurements from birth to 2 years. RESULTS Linear spline ...

OBJECTIVE To establish the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Mexican children 10 to 17 years of age according to the percentiles from both the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Heights and weights were measured in children from nationally representative, randomly chosen households in the Mexic...