Four species of the genus Flaveria, namely F. anomala, F. liaris, F. pubescens, and F. ramosissima, were identified as intermediate C3-C4 plants based on leaf anatomy, photosynthetic CO2 compensation point, 02 inhibition of photosynthesis, and activities of C4 enzymes. F. anomala and F. rawosissina exhibit a distinct Kranz-like leaf anatomy, similar to that of the C4 species F. trinervia while ...

Levels of the serum complement components, C3 and C4, in patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and miscellaneous gastrointestinal disorders were compared with those of normal blood donors. Significant increases of both components were found in all three patient groups, the highest being in patients with Crohn's disease. Generally, levels of C3 and C4 were lower in patients with ina...

Differentiating C3 and C4 grass pollen in the paleorecord is difficult because of their morphological similarity. Using a spooling wire microcombustion device interfaced with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer, Single Pollen Isotope Ratio AnaLysis (SPIRAL) enables classification of grass pollen as C3 or C4 based upon d C values. To address several limitations of this novel technique, we expande...

The two carboxylation reactions performed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) are vital in the fixation of inorganic carbon for C4 plants. The abundance of PEPC is substantially elevated in C4 leaves, while the location of Rubisco is restricted to one of two chloroplast types. These differences compared with C3 leaves have been...