This topical review gathers the last updates concerning caesium-free negative ion sources presented during $$63{\mathrm {rd}}$$ Course of International school Quantum Electronics Ettore Majorana Foundation and European collaborative works related to these lectures. Hence, beyond frame this course addresses both theoretical experimental work performed few years complexities represented by concep...

Isotopes that may contaminate crops Fallout may be made up of a hundred or more active isotopes but only a few of them are likely to be harmful as crop contaminants. Iodine. As 1311, it will be a major hazard for a few weeks after fallout arrives. Chamberlain & Chadwick (1953) showed that iodine gas is deposited on grass by diffusion. Chamberlain, Loutit, Martin & Russell (1955) note that, in f...