We report coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering correlation spectroscopy (CARS-CS) that measures the fluctuation of the CARS signal from scatterers in a subfemtoliter excitation volume. This method probes dynamical processes with chemical selectivity based on vibration spectroscopy. High-sensitivity CARS-CS measurements are carried out with epi-detection or polarization-sensitive detection. The...

During the attempt to line up into a dense traffic people have necessarily to share a limited space under turbulent conditions. From the statistical point view it generally leads to a probability distribution of the distances between the traffic objects (cars or pedestrians). But the problem is not restricted on humans. It comes up again when we try to describe the statistics of distances betwe...

Phase transition and critical phenomenon are investigated in the two-dimensional traffic flow numerically and analytically. The one-dimensional lattice hydrodynamic model of traffic is extended to the two-dimensional traffic flow in which there are two types of cars (northbound and eastbound cars). It is shown that the phase transition among the freely moving phase, the coexisting phase, and th...

Detecting cars in large aerial photographs can be quite a challenging task, given that cars in such datasets are often barely visible to the naked human eye. Traditional object detection algorithms fail to perform well when it comes to detecting cars under such circumstances. One would rather use context or exploit spatial relationship between different entities in the scene to narrow down the ...

We show that variation in prices for new cars are in part the result of scarcity rents. Consistent with theoretical predictions, a dealership moving from a situation of shortage to one of ample inventory lowers transaction prices by about 1% ceteris paribus, or $230 on the average car. Shorter resupply times also decrease transaction prices for cars in excess demand. Transaction prices for cars...

In this paper we make use of detailed, transaction-level data on automobile purchases and monthly, ZIP-code level data on retail gasoline prices to investigate the effect of fuel prices on four aspects of automobile purchasing in the U.S.: market shares, new car prices, trade-in utilization, and new car inventories. We find statistically and economically significant effects in all four aspects,...

The car-following model has always been a research hot spot in the field of traffic flow theory. Modeling behavior can quantify longitudinal interaction between cars, thereby understanding characteristics flow, and revealing inherent mechanisms congestion other phenomena. In fact, there is an asymmetry problem driver’s acceleration deceleration operation. existing ignores difference cars. To so...

We develop a model to determine the optimal structure and size of a rail car fleet at a chemical company under uncertainty in demand and travel times as well as substitution between rail car types. First, we formulate an MILP model that accounts for the substitution relations between the types and minimizes the total direct rail car cost under given rail car availability constraints and a prede...

We present a systematic characterization of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. CARS signal generation in a heterogeneous sample under a tight-focusing condition is formulated by the Green’s function method. The CARS radiation pattern and the forwardand backward-detected CARS signals from a three-dimensional Raman scatterer are calculated. The coherent nature of CARS image ...

in this study, stability control of a three-wheeled vehicle with two wheels on the front axle, a three-wheeled vehicle with two wheels on the rear axle, and a standard four-wheeled vehicle are compared. for vehicle dynamics control systems, the direct yaw moment control is considered as a suitable way of controlling the lateral motion of a vehicle during a severe driving maneuver. in accordance...