To promote carbon emission reduction and resource reuse, this study is devoted to studying the impact of government subsidy policies on operation decision a low-carbon closed-loop supply chain system. In production stage, governments can use subsidies remanufacturing reduce green behavior costs manufacturers; in recycling consumer increase willingness consumers. study, we introduce these three ...

Spending the big bucks may seem inevitable to a cash-strapped city goer. This is especially true if you're a student pressed between a heavy load of school work and a tight budget. But have no fear ? the city that never sleeps offers a plethora of opportunities to learn, explore, and enjoy without blowing all your savings. You could start by checking out NYC: The Official Guide [2]. You can als...

Spending the big bucks may seem inevitable to a cash-strapped city goer. This is especially true if you're a student pressed between a heavy load of school work and a tight budget. But have no fear ? the city that never sleeps offers a plethora of opportunities to learn, explore, and enjoy without blowing all your savings. You could start by checking out NYC: The Official Guide [2]. You can als...

The automatic teller machine (ATM) will be for the foreseeable future the dominant mode of access to cash for those living in industrialized societies. In this article we present the ATM as a political site where a multiplicity of relationships—primarily but not exclusively between the customer and the bank—become configured in ways that serve some interests and not others. The article draws on...

where u1 is the proportion of the portfolio held in stocks, and u2 is the consumption rate. Evidently it is natural to take 0 ≤ u1 ≤ 1 and u2 ≥ 0, but in fact we shall allow −∞ < u1 <∞. If u1 > 1 then the cash part of the portfolio is negative, so we are borrowing money to buy stocks. If u1 < 0 then the stock part of the portfolio is negative, so we are so called shorting the stock. The goal is...

This study examines the financial impacts of electricity subsidy on tubewell owners and water buyers, and proposes alternative subsidy policy options that could balance the efficiency and equity. The results suggest that the subsidy plays a key role in stabilising production by providing financial incentives to tubewell owners to stabilise extraction cost under the declining watertables. The re...

— Across sub-Saharan Africa agricultural subsidy programs have again become a common strategy for combatting rural poverty, increasing agricultural production, and reducing food insecurity. Despite a large literature examining subsidies’ effects on output and welfare, little is known about their political effects. This paper examines Malawi’s Agricultural Input Subsidy Programme, one of the lar...

Egypt's food subsidies (in 1996/97 5.5 percent of government expenditures or US$1.1 bn.) cover rationed oil and sugar (23 percent of subsidy cost) and unrationed bread and flour (77 percent). The subsidies enhance food security but are nontargeted and have substantial leakages. This paper uses a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model to simulate the short-run effects of alternative foodsubs...

Can subsidies promote Pareto-optimum coordination? We found that partially subsidizing the cooperative actions for 2 out of 6 players in a laboratory coordination game usually produced better coordination and higher total payoffs both with deterministic and stochastic payoffs. Not only were the subsidized players more likely to cooperate (choose the Pareto-optimum action), but the unsubsidized ...