We have examined the gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) scaling phenomena on membranes with different physicochemical properties in forward osmosis (FO) processes. Three hollow fiber membranes made of (1) cellulose acetate (CA), (2) polybenzimidazole (PBI)/polyethersulfone (PES) and (3) PBI-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) were studied. For the first time in FO processes, we...

Introduction: Sulfate species were verified by Pathfinder in 1997 and more recently by the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER). The best evidence for sulfates on Mars came from the Opportunity rover in Meridiani Planum, where data supporting the existence of Ca and Mg-sulfates were collected from alpha-proton X-ray spectroscopy and thermal emission spectroscopy [1,2]. Hyperspectral VNIR OMEGA images ...

relationships between soil factors and vegetation types in playa of damghan was investigated. six vegetationtypes including artemisia.sieberi, arundo. sp, artemisia.sieberi-peganum.harmala, alhagi.cammelerom,artemisia.sieberi-petropyron.sp, tamarix.passerinoides-halocnemum strobilaceum. one bare land was recognized inthe study area and the research was conducted within mentioned types. canopy p...