The Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) of both clean seawaters and those polluted with oil film was determined using the Monte Carlo radiative transfer technique in which the spectrum of complex refractive index of Romashkino crude oil and the optical properties of case II water for chosen wavelengths was considered. The BRDF values were recorded for 1836 solid angular sect...

The depth to which seawater and fresh water circulate through modern carbonate platforms may be estimated with Sr/Sr isotope ratios of dissolved Sr that is enriched through carbonate mineral dissolution and recrystallization. In 23 water samples from onshore San Salvador Island and Long Island, Bahamas, carbonate mineral dissolution and aragonite-to-calcite transformations elevate Sr concentrat...

Little research has examined ultra-endurance swimming performances. The 'English Channel Swim', where swimmers have to cover a distance of 32 km between England and France represents a unique long-distance, open-water, sea-swimming challenge, and each year swimmers from all over the world try to succeed in this challenge. The best times in minutes and the nationality of successful men and women...

calcareous deposits formed on the part of steel that cathodic reactions occur on their surface. the purpose of this research is an investigation of the effect of potential on crystal form of the calcareous deposits and effect of them on the corrosion resistance of the mild steel in natural seawater. the electrochemical tests such as impedance and polarization tofel tests were used in order to i...

Oil spills are the most important environmental impact in oceans and seas. In this article, Oil absorption, which was explored from Sardar-e-Jangal oilfield in Caspian Sea, by exfoliated graphite (EG), was investigated. Graphite was exfoliated through the reaction of graphite-CrO3 intercalation compounds with hydrogen peroxide. The obtained absorbent was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller ...

Seawater-soluble nutrient fractions of aerosols better represent the contribution of aerosol dry deposition to the nutrient load from this source to the ocean than any estimates based on aerosol nutrients leached in pure water or acidic solutions. To understand the solubility difference between seawater and pure water, 31 pairs of aerosol samples collected from the Gulf of Aqaba were extracted ...

The Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) is an environmental sentinel organism used extensively for studies on environmental toxicants and salt (NaCl) homeostasis. Previous research in our laboratory has shown that rapid acclimation of killifish to seawater is mediated by trafficking of CFTR chloride channels from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane in the opercular membrane wit...

Over fifty bacterial strains were isolated from seawater samples in the presence of naphthalene as a sole source of carbon and energy. Among them, three isolates with higher growth rate and naphthalene degradation ability were selected for further studies. Biochemical and molecular analysis revealed that two Persian Gulf isolates, strain PG-10 and strain PG-48 belonged to the group of hydrocarb...

In recent years, capital and operating costs of seawater desalination plants have decreased remarkably. However, production of potable water from seawater by reverse osmosis membrane desalination remains 2 to 3 times the cost of desalting brackish water, reclaiming wastewater, or importing fresh water even over long distances. In addition, rejection of boron by seawater RO membranes is generall...