The mitochondrial CIC (citrate carrier) catalyses the efflux of citrate from the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for cytosolic malate. In the present paper we show that CIC mRNA and protein markedly increase in lipopolysaccharide-activated immune cells. Moreover, CIC gene silencing and CIC activity inhibition significantly reduce production of NO, reactive oxygen species and prostaglandins. Th...

Being impermeable to folic acid, many bacteria must rely on their ability to synthesise folate from PABA, Pteridine, and glutamate in contrast the mammalian in cells cannot synthesise folic acid and must obtain preformed folate as a vitamin in their diet. The sulphonamides are structurally similar to PABA, the sulphonamides competitively inhibit dihydropteroate synthetase, the enzyme that catal...

Asparaginase catalyses the hydrolysis of the amino acid asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. The asparaginase enzyme preparation described in the Novozymes’ dossier is intended for use during food processing to reduce the level of asparagine and thereby to decrease the risk of acrylamide formation. Acrylamide is formed in food from asparagine and reducing sugars when food products are baked...

The enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD; hydroxymethylbilane synthase; EC 2.5.1.61) catalyses an early step of the tetrapyrrole-biosynthesis pathway in which four molecules of the monopyrrole porphobilinogen are condensed to form a linear tetrapyrrole. The enzyme possesses a dipyrromethane cofactor which is covalently linked by a thioether bridge to an invariant cysteine residue. Expression ...

The parasite Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed cause of recurring malaria. N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT), an enzyme that catalyses the covalent attachment of myristate to the N-terminal glycine of substrate proteins, has been described as a potential target for the treatment of this disease. Herein, we report the synthesis and the structure-guided optimization of a series of quinol...

AMP + 2 phosphocreatine -+ ATP + 2 creatine. The conversion is not prevented as a result of treatment of the kinases with charcoal and Dowex 1 (CFform) to remove nucleotides. 2. It has been confirmed that neither creatine kinase nor adenylate kinase catalyses the direct phosphorylation of AMP by phosphocreatine. 3. It appears that reaction occurs because crystalline creatine kinase contains a s...

Abstract Human PARP2/ARTD2 is an ADP-ribosyltransferase which, when activated by 5?-phosphorylated DNA ends, catalyses poly-ADP-ribosylation of itself, other proteins and DNA. In this study, a crystal structure PARP2 in complex with activating shows that the WGR domain bridges dsDNA gap joins ends. This binding results major conformational changes, including reorganization helical fragments, re...

pMMO (particulate methane mono-oxygenase) is an integral membrane metalloenzyme that catalyses the oxidation of methane to methanol. The pMMO metal active site has not been identified, precluding detailed investigation of the reaction mechanism. Models for the metal centres proposed by various research groups have evolved as crystallographic and spectroscopic data have become available. The pre...

The enzyme Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) catalyses the decomposition of glucose. The gene that produces the GAPDH is therefore present in a wide class of organisms. We show that for this gene the average value of the fluctuations in nucleotide distribution in the codons, normalized to strand bias, provides a reasonable measure of how the gene has evolved in time. PACS numbers...