We report the results of a meta-study of 118 Cognitive Reflection Test studies comprising of 44,558 participants across 21 countries. There is a negative correlation between being female and the overall, and individual, correct answers to CRT questions. Taking the test at the end of an experiment negatively impacts performance. Monetary incentives do not impact performance. Overall students per...

I design an experiment to interpret the observed Lk behavior. It distinguishes between the “Lkb” players, who have high ability and best respond to Lk belief, and the “Lka” players, who could use, at most, k steps of reasoning, and thus could not respond to L(k+1) or higherorder belief. The separation utilizes a combination of simultaneous and sequential ring games. In the sequential games it r...

Theorem 1 (Main Theorem, [1]). Let X be a linear dispersion STBC. There are nt transmit and nr receive antennas. The channel matrix is H ∈ Crt . The received signal is decoded using the PIC group decoding with a grouping scheme {I0, I1, . . . , IN−1}. The equivalent channel is G(h), where h = vec(H ) = {h0, h1, . . . , hnr·nt−1} ∈ Crt . Then, each of the following dimension-reduced systems (i.e...

Devices in which a controlled flow of electrons can be obtained are the basic building blocks of all the electronic circuits. Before the discovery of transistor in 1948, such devices were mostly vacuum tubes (also called valves) like the vacuum diode which has two electrodes, viz., anode (often called plate) and cathode; triode which has three electrodes – cathode, plate and grid; tetrode and p...

We report what is believed to be the first demonstration of soft-x-ray interferometry of a plasma with a tabletop soft-x-ray laser. A Lloyd's mirror interferometer was used in combination with a very compact lambda = 46.9 nm capillary-discharge-pumped laser to map the electron density in the cathode region of a pinch plasma.

A phonocardiograph employing a cathode-ray tube is the theoretical ideal since the natural frequency of the instrument is sufficiently high to avoid distortion of the vibrations to be recorded, the amplitude of the deflections is directly proportional to the movements which excite them, and the cathode-ray beam has minimal inertia and is fully damped. With any of the popular recording devices i...