This paper presents an algorithm for executing formal speci cations, and a proof of the soundness of that algorithm. The algorithm executes speci cations written in the model-based speci cation language SPECS-C++ by transforming such speci cations to constraint programs. The generated programs use constraint satisfaction techniques to execute speci cations written at a high level of abstraction...

The characteristics of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-OMG) uptake by frog erythrocytes were studied. 3-OMG transport was increased by adrenaline. Although the transport is inhibited by phloretin, the lack of saturation kinetics suggests that a glucose transporter doesn't exist or that its affinity for glucose is extremely low. Frog Rana balcanica red cells suspended in an isotonic medium containing ad...

In the present work evidence is provided that spermidine, a polyamine largely present in plant tissues, may be transported, at physiological concentrations, into the matrix space of mitochondria isolated from tubers of Helianthus tuberosus L. cv OB1 (Jerusalem artichoke). It is concluded that the movement of spermidine strictly depends on membrane potential, since it is drastically blocked by v...

Voltage-gated ion channels derive their voltage sensitivity from the movement of specific charged residues in response to a change in transmembrane potential. Several studies on mechanisms of voltage sensing in ion channels support the idea that these gating charges move through a well-defined permeation pathway. This gating pathway in a voltage-gated ion channel can also be mutated to transpor...

Transcellular active tubular transport of organic cations occurs in the proximal renal tubule in the direction of excretion. These organic cations may be primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amines. Endogenous neurohumors such as choline and catecholamines and drugs such as morphine and tetraethylammonium are representative transportable organic cations. Competitive inhibition for transp...

Pb(II) cations have long been associated with lone-pairs which can help to enhance the optical anisotropic birefringence. In this paper, the contribution of lead cations to birefringence has been investigated using first-principles and real-space atom-cutting methods. The results show that the contribution of lead cations to birefringence is determined by the degree of stereochemical activity, ...

chemical nature, thermodynamic and kinetic properties of metal cations in aqueous solutions are described and discussed in terms of structural factors controlling physical properties of the systems. The structure of hydrated cations, reaction mechanism of water exchange on the cations, hydrolytic phenomena and acidity of the cations are presented. Correlations between coordination states of the...