The mechanism of copper (Cu) voids formation from electro-chemical plating (ECP) followed by Cu chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) are studied in Cu dual-damascene interconnection. The formation of Cu voids at metal lines is the main problem that causes not only the failure of via-induced metal-island corrosion but also yield loss. The galvanic theory and Cu lifting mechanism are proposed to e...

The effect of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), feeding on the yield of four winter wheat cultivars commonly grown in Oklahoma was studied. Cultivars tested were 'Karl', a recent derivative 'Karl-92', and '2163', all greenbug-susceptible cultivars; and 'TAM-110', a cultivar with resistance to biotype E greenbugs. The objectives were to determine the effect of different greenbug densities...

Understanding how galaxies formed their first stars is a vital cosmological question, but the study of high-redshift objects, caught in the act of forming their first stars, is difficult. Here we argue that two extremely low-metallicity Blue Compact Dwarf galaxies (BCDs), I Zw 18 and SBS 0335-052, could be local templates for primordial star formation, since both lack evolved (> 1Gyr) stellar p...

in order to investigate the effect of water stress at heading stage on grain yield and yield components of eight wheat cultivars, in 2008 year a research was conducted in the two regions esfahan and ardestan by using split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications which that two irrigation treatments included custom and late season water stress were main factor and 8 wh...

The western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) is one of the most serious crop pests in North America and Europe. WCR feeding causes reduced water and mineral uptake. Yield loss is most severe when water is limiting. Grain from damaged plants is also more likely to be left in the field due to increased lodging of plants with reduced brace root support. WCR are univoltin...

Evapotranspirative willow systems (EWS) are zero-discharge wastewater treatment plants that produce woody biomass and have no discharge to surface or groundwater bodies. The influence of on the growth three clones Salix alba (‘V 093’, ‘V 051’ 160’) distribution macronutrients metals in a pilot EWS receiving primary treated municipal was studied under sub-Mediterranean climate. influent wastewat...

Legumes are essential foods for man and animal. They contribute to food security globally. However, they negatively affected by Sclerotinia diseases caused sclerotiorum, which infects over 600 plant species. There is a limited number of review studies on the management sclerotiorum disease in legume crops. Here, we explore earlier occurrences, yield losses, other negative effects spp. legumes. ...