Consider the query: Does a binary treatment X have a causal effect on a response Y through a causal pathway that does not involve the intermediate variable M? This query is often rephrased as: Does X have a direct causal effect on Y not through M? Direct effects have been formally defined in three different ways: the controlled direct effects (CDE), the natural direct effects (i.e. pure and tot...

In order to reduce the memory footprint and energy consumption of embedded microcontroller in mobile robot, the concise differential evolution algorithm based on chaotic local search (CDE-CLS) is proposed for online optimization of recurrent fuzzy neural network (RFNN) controller in robot path planning so that the robot can be adaptive real-time obstacle avoidance. The CDE-CLS algorithm reduces...

Over the last decade, online continuing dental education (CDE) has seen a major transformation in the way it is delivered, marketed, and accessed. The University of Florida College of Dentistry (UFCD) developed and evaluated a web-based CDE format ("Case of the Month") that specifically focused on clinical oral pathology. Over a four-month period, three oral pathology cases were presented month...

The aim of this investigation is to determine the correlation of color Doppler (CD) and color Doppler Energy (CDE) imaging and measurements of ovarian stromal blood flow prior to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH), predictors of success of COH and numbers of oocyte retrieved, especially in group of poor responders. Fifty-two patients on IVF treatment were included in this prospective cli...

We propose an evolutionary new approach to high-performance processor architectures that can scale to use increasing numbers of transistors while meeting the constraints of design complexity, wire lengths, and power management. The fundamental idea is to make the architecture and the micro-architecture dependence-centric, in contrast to prior instruction-centric and trace-centric processors. We...

The effects of the cholecystokinin (CCK)-receptor antagonist proglumide, the protease inhibitor gabexate, and the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) were studied in a model of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis induced by feeding mice a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet. Injections of gabexate and proglumide from initiation of CDE diet (before induction of ...

Herein we report the Ru(II)-catalyzed double-macrocyclization of a hexapeptide to obtain a mimic of the bicyclic CDE-ring of vancomycin, followed by measurement of its binding affinity for small peptide ligands using ITC.

Effluent concentration of chloride and two pesticides (prometon and atrazine) were measured during column displacement experiments at two water flow rates. A constant suction of approximately 1300 Pa was maintained in the packed soil columns which were positioned vertically on top of a vacuum chamber enclosing an automatic fraction collector. Measured breakthrough curves (BTC’s) were analyzed i...

The RNA-binding protein Roquin is required to prevent autoimmunity. Roquin controls T-helper cell activation and differentiation by limiting the induced expression of costimulatory receptors such as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 4 (Tnfrs4 or Ox40). A constitutive decay element (CDE) with a characteristic triloop hairpin was previously shown to be recognized by Roquin. Here we use S...