While T cell immunity initially limits Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, why T cell immunity fails to sterilize the infection and allows recrudescence is not clear. One hypothesis is that T cell exhaustion impairs immunity and is detrimental to the outcome of M. tuberculosis infection. Here we provide functional evidence for the development T cell exhaustion during chronic TB. Second, we ev...

T cell immunoglobulin-domain and mucin-domain (TIM) proteins constitute a receptor family that was identified first on kidney and liver cells; recently it was also shown to be expressed on T cells. TIM-1 and -3 receptors denote different subsets of T cells and have distinct regulatory effects on T cell function. Ferritin is a spherical protein complex that is formed by 24 subunits of H- and L-f...

TIM-3 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing protein 3) is a member of the TIM family of proteins that is preferentially expressed on Th1 polarized CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Recent studies indicate that TIM-3 serves as a negative regulator of T cell function (i.e. T cell dependent immune responses, proliferation, tolerance, and exhaustion). Despite having no recognizable inhibitory sig...

T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-3-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) plays a pivotal role in immune regulation and has been found in various tumors. However, the prevalence and distribution of Tim-3 in osteosarcoma (OS) is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and distribution of Tim-3 in OS. Tim-3 on peripheral T cells from 82 OS patients and 60 healthy contr...

Approximately 200 million people throughout the world are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). One of the most striking features of HCV infection is its high propensity to establish persistence (approximately 70-80%) and progressive liver injury. Galectins are evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding proteins with diverse roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that...

In cancer and chronic viral infections, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen stimulation. This results in expression of multiple inhibitory receptors also called "immune checkpoints" by T cells. Although these inhibitory receptors under normal conditions maintain self-tolerance and prevent immunopathology, their sustained expression deteriorates T cell function: a phenomenon called exhaust...

Aim: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) modulates antiviral immunity via T cells, but whether these cells are active or abundant in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the temporal shifting T-cell population and their subsets, T-Helper (Th) cell (CD4) T-Cytotoxic (Tc) (CD8) COVID-19 patients. Method: Thirty co...

Apoptotic cells expose phosphatidylserine on their surface as an "eat me" signal, and macrophages respond by engulfing them. Although several molecules that specifically bind phosphatidylserine have been identified, the molecular mechanism that triggers engulfment remains elusive. Here, using a mouse pro-B cell line, Ba/F3, that grows in suspension, we reconstituted the engulfment of apoptotic ...

Background Diffuse Midline Gliomas (DMGs), encompassing Intrinsic Pontine (DIPGs), are the most aggressive pediatric brain tumors. Their meager survival has not changed despite combination of radiotherapy with targeted therapies emphasizing urgent need for effective treatments. Recent research suggested that DIPG tumor microenvironment is neither highly immunosuppressive nor inflammatory. 1 The...