The complex antioxidant network of plant and animal cells has the thiol tripeptide GSH at its centre to buffer ROS (reactive oxygen species) and facilitate cellular redox signalling which controls growth, development and defence. GSH is found in nearly every compartment of the cell, including the nucleus. Transport between the different intracellular compartments is pivotal to the regulation of...

The immune system is a complex and distributed system. It provides a multilevel form of defence, capable of identifying and reacting to harmful pathogens that it does not recognise as being part of its “self”. The framework proposed in this paper incorporates a number of immunological principles, including the multilevel defence and the cooperation between cells in the adaptive immune system. I...

For most living beings, oxygen is an essential molecule for survival, being the basis of biological oxidations, which satisfy energy needs aerobic organisms. Oxygen can also behave as a toxic agent posing threat to existence beings since it give rise reactive species (ROS) that oxidise macromolecules, among proteins and lipids are preferred targets. Oxidative damage induce cell, tissue, organ d...

Focusing on biology, it is relatively easy to make generalisations about the similarities of computer viruses and the viruses that infect our bodies, but many of us don't recognise just how much we can learn by thinking more deeply about the biology. Let's explore some of the parallels between these two systems and how our understanding of these parallels is informing cyber-security. The verteb...

SCADA is a type of industrial control systems which monitor and control the industrial device. To adjust the smart-grid, a new method is needed which improves security to SCADA system. But a difficulty for small laboratory happens to research SCADA system in a large scale, because of building own testbed. In this paper, a testbed in a lab environment is suggested to attack and defence DNP3 prot...

This paper presents a novel swarm-based defence system for the interception of a moving targe such as an aircraft or missile. The paper discusses issues regarding the synthesis of an agent-based control system for the swarmbehaviour of cooperative UAV systems. The problem, representative of various other multiagent systems, is considered as an optimum formation reconfiguration problem involving...

As avian brood parasitism usually reduces hosts' reproductive success, hosts often exhibit strong defence mechanisms. While such host defences at the egg stage (especially egg rejection) have been extensively studied, defence mechanisms at the nestling stage have been reported only recently. We found a previously unknown anti-parasitism behaviour in the large-billed Gerygone, which is a host sp...