We analyze firms’ decisions to invest in incremental and radical innovation, focusing specifically on pharmaceutical research. We first develop a new measure of drug novelty that is based on the chemical similarity of new drug candidates to existing drugs. We show that drug candidates that we identify as ex-ante novel are riskier investments, in the sense that they are subsequently less likely ...

The association efficiency of oxytetracycline (OTC) to pharmaceutical available, ionic oil-in-water nanoemulsions is studied. Theoretical mathematical developments allowed us to differentiate by diafiltration (DF) between thermodynamically and kinetically controlled binding of the drug to the nanoemulsions, and relate these important magnitudes to the association efficiency. The nanoemulsions h...

Carbonylation reactions of alkenes constitute the most important industrial processes in homogeneous catalysis. Despite the tremendous progress in this transformation, the development of advanced catalyst systems to improve their activity and widen the range of feedstocks continues to be essential for new practical applications. Herein a palladium catalyst based on 1,2-bis((tert-butyl(pyridin-2...

BACKGROUND p-Hydroxycinnamic acid (pHCA) is an aromatic compound that serves as a starting material for the production of many commercially valuable chemicals, such as fragrances and pharmaceuticals, and is also used in the synthesis of thermostable polymers. However, chemical synthesis of pHCA is both costly and harmful to the environment. Although pHCA production using microbes has been widel...

OBJECTIVES The development of so-called 'me-too', or 'follow-on', drugs by the pharmaceutical industry has been viewed by some as duplicative and wasteful, while others have argued that these drugs often provide needed therapeutic options and inject some price competition into the marketplace. This study examines data on the trends in the speed with which competitive entry has occurred in the p...

In chemical product design, we try to find a (chemical) product that exhibits certain desirable or specified behaviour. This can be a single chemical, a mixture, or a formulation, where an additive is added to the original chemical product (molecule or mixture) to significantly enhance its desirable functional properties. Examples of chemical products, such as functional chemicals (solvents, re...

conclusions evaluation of iranian traditional dosage forms like vaginal and rectal types could be an attractive topic of research and the current study can briefly represent the iranian traditional pharmaceutical knowledge on vaginal and rectal drug delivery. objectives the aim of this study is the investigation about iranian traditional pharmaceutical dosage forms of vaginal and rectal medicat...

Biosurfactants are of growing interest as sustainable alternatives to fossil-fuel-derived chemical surfactants, particularly for the detergent industry. To realize this potential, it is necessary to understand how they affect proteins which they may encounter in their applications. However, knowledge of such interactions is limited. Here, we present a study of the interactions between the model...

Combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput experimentation (HTE) have revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry-but can chemists truly repeat this success in the fields of catalysis and materials science? We propose to bridge the traditional "discovery" and "optimization" stages in HTE by enabling parallel kinetic analysis of an array of chemical reactions. We present here the theoretical bas...