zinc is one of the most important micronutrient with essential role in biochemical regulation of the body functions. the importance of zinc in pregnancy period was widely studied in various countries. variation in zinc plasma levels during pregnancy needs more investigation, because maternal zinc deficiencies may cause some severe abnormalities in the fetus. in this study the plasma levels of z...

There have been many diagnostic techniques using amniotic fluid or placental villi, for which needed puncture of amniotic fluid (amniocentesis) and placental villi sampling (CVS) in early pregnancy. The techniques accompany some risk factors of fetal demise or miscarriage. Also immature fetal lung was diagnosed in preterm births by the chemical or physical property of amniotic fluid obtained by...

Development disorders may be arisen from the unavoidable maternal exposure to particulate air pollution during the prenatal life that can be affected not only periconceptional period but also postnatal life. A kind of chemical material categorized as air pollutants are present in the urine, blood and semen of exposed men and may decline sperm count and affect sperm quality. Environment toxic ca...

Chemical exposure during pregnancy is potentially harmful to the developing fetus, as the placenta cannot protect against heavy metals such as lead and mercury. Cord blood mercury levels have been associated with childhood cognitive function. High levels of lead exposure during pregnancy have been associated with adverse birth outcomes and, in some studies, with lower cognitive function test sc...

BACKGROUNDS the prevalence of infertility is up to 10 to 15 % which 9 to 24 % of them are Poor Ovarian Responders (POR). This study was designed to compare two methods of GnRH Agonist Microdose Flareup (MF) and GnRH Antagonist/Letrozole (AL) in treatment of these patients. METHODS & MATERIALS this randomized clinical trial study consisted of 123 patients. In the first step of treatment in bot...

Chloasma is a required hypermelanosis of sun-exposed areas occurred during pregnancy and it can affect 50-70% of pregnant women. It presents as symmetric hyperpigmented macules, which can confluent or punctuate. The most common locations are the cheeks, the upper lip, the chin and the forehead. The exact mechanism by which pregnancy affects the process of melanogenesis is unknown. Estrogen, pro...

Background Different combination of gonadotropin preparation has been introduced with no definite superiority of one over others in in vitro fertilization (IVF), but individualized regimens for each patient are needed. Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of controlled ovarian stimulation with recombinant- follicle stimulating hormone (r-FSH) plus recombinant-l...

BACKGROUND There are different methods in endometrial preparation for frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the live birth rate in the artificial FET protocol (estradiol/ progesterone with GnRH-agonist) with stimulated cycle FET protocol (letrozole plus HMG). MATERIALS AND METHODS This randomized clinical trial included 100 women (18-42 year...

Introduction
 During pregnancy, it is often associated with gallstones and biliary sludge. Gallstone disease the second most common indication for non-obstetric surgical intervention in pregnancy.
 Methods
 A retrospective chart review was carried out to determine prevalence characteristics of asymptomatic among selected sample pregnant women a private hospital Colombo, Sri Lanka...