conclusions taken together, these data reveal that cellular protease of chicken liver cells allows the replication of high yields of h9n2 virus in the absence of trypsin and also cell death in the infected cells is due to necrosis. results the degree of viability was significantly reduced in infected hepatoma cells. observations of caspase activation and cell dna laddering in infected cells wer...

The method for assaying chicken interferon by its inhibition of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis was optimized for the chicken embryo fibroblast-Semliki Forest virus (SFV) system, with respect to time, multiplicity of infection, and addition of actinomycin D and (3)H-uridine. Incorporation of (3)H into viral RNA is reproducible, and amounts to 10(4) to 2 x 10(4) counts per min per uninhib...

Chlamydia psittaci is a gram-negative, obligate, intracellular bacterium, which mainly infects birds and mammals. Not much is known about innate immunity initiated by C. psittaci. The focus of the present study is on chicken macrophage activation and expression of cytokine, chemokine, caspase-1, iNOS and TLR genes during the early phase and mid-cycle period of the developmental cycle of the hig...

Infection of poultry with diverse lineages of H5N2 avian influenza viruses has been documented for over three decades in different parts of the world, with limited outbreaks caused by this highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. In the present study, three avian H5N2 influenza viruses, A/chicken/Shijiazhuang/1209/2013, A/chicken/Chiping/0321/2014, and A/chicken/Laiwu/0313/2014, were isolated f...

Whereas defective interfering particles of Sindbis virus are readily produced in BHK-21 cells or chicken embryo fibroblasts by the techniques of serial undiluted passage, similar methods failed to generate such particles in Aedes albopictus cell cultures. In addition, Sindbis virus stocks produced in BHK-21 cells or chicken embryo fibroblasts and which contained defective interfering particles,...

1. Of three species of mammals tested by peripheral inoculation (guinea pig, cat, and horse) none showed viremia under conditions which suggested that any of these species would serve as a frequent source of mosquito infection. 2. Of the birds tested (chicken, duck, and dove) all developed viremia and might readily serve as natural sources of mosquito infection. Chickens were shown to be very h...

A case-control study was conducted from 1 January to 31 May 2003 to identify risk factors for S . Heidelberg infection in Canada. Controls were pair-matched by age group and telephone exchange to 95 cases. Exposures in the 7 days before illness/interview were assessed using multivariate conditional logistic regression. Consumption of home-prepared chicken nuggets and/or strips [matched odds rat...

The feces from the chicken artificia]ly infected with StronlTyloicies pavonis Sakam6to et Yamashita, 1970 were cultured on the clay plate in the Petri dish containing water at 280C. The adu}ts were collected from the surface of feces on the plate more than 48 hours after incubatioh. The infective larvae having migrated into water were collected from Lhe water around the clay plate 4 or 5 days a...

In the United Kingdom, outbreaks of Campylobacter infection are increasingly attributed to undercooked chicken livers, yet many recipes, including those of top chefs, advocate short cooking times and serving livers pink. During 2015, we studied preferences of chefs and the public in the United Kingdom and investigated the link between liver rareness and survival of Campylobacter. We used photog...

Ethics Statement Production of specific pathogen–free eggs (VALO BioMedia GmbH, OsterholzScharmbeck, Germany) was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the European Pharmacopoeia (EP7.0.5.2.2.) and the US Department of Agriculture Veterinary Services (Memorandum 800.65). All procedures regarding embryonated chicken eggs were in accordance with the German Animal Protection Law. For infe...