The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of different disinfectants applicable to Legionella control in domestic water systems. A domestic water supply simulation unit that allowed simulation of real-world conditions was developed for this purpose. The system, consisting of seven identical rigs, was used to compare treatment efficiency under equivalent conditions of system design, ma...

BACKGROUND The disinfectant monochloramine minimizes the formation of potentially hazardous and regulated byproducts, and many drinking water utilities are shifting to its use. CASE PRESENTATION After a drinking water utility serving 2.4 million people switched to monochloramine for residual disinfection, a small number of residents complained of dermatitis reactions. We interviewed 17 people...

The present work presents the potential of different source waters to form several classes of emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs), i.e., haloacetaldehydes and iodinecontaining DBPs, which have been scarcely investigated to date. To study this, laboratory controlled chlorination and chloramination reactions were performed with different source waters (in terms of natural organic matter and b...

Effect of UV-C and monochloramine on early protein expression and DNA 1 replication of adenovirus serotype 2 2 3 Kwanrawee Sirikanchana 1 , Joanna L. Shisler 2 , and Benito J. Mariñas 1,* 4 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2 Department of Microbiology, 5 1,2 Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems 6 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, ...

BACKGROUND: The current standards for chlorine and monochloramine disinfection of drinking water were established using information obtained from bench-scale disinfection experiments of monodispersed hepatitis A virus. It is not clear whether these standards are sufficient for the four virus types listed on the CCL2. Several disinfection studies have been conducted on representative coxsackievi...

Biofilm bacteria challenged with monochloramine retained significant respiratory activity, even though they could not be cultured on agar plates. Microbial colony counts on agar media declined by approximately 99.9% after 1 h of disinfection, whereas the number of bacteria stained by a fluorescent redox dye experienced a 93% reduction. Integrated measures of biofilm respiratory activity, includ...

Environmental and patient isolates of Mycobacterium avium were resistant to chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone. For chlorine, the product of the disinfectant concentration (in parts per million) and the time (in minutes) to 99.9% inactivation for five M. avium strains ranged from 51 to 204. Chlorine susceptibility of cells was the same in washed cultures containing aggregates...

Antibodies are a diverse class of glycoproteins that specially bind with antigen and elicit a number of secondary responses in vivo. Most of the applications of antibodies in basic research diagnosis and immunotherapy rely on labeling of the antibody with radiopharmaceuticals. Radiolabeled antibodies are a new class of imaging agents for the detection of sites of disease. True biodistribu...

Lithiation of carbamates followed by borylation provides a powerful method for the homologation of boron reagents. However, when applied to hindered systems (secondary carbamates with tBu-boronic esters) for the construction of two quaternary centers, this methodology fails. Instead, using mixed boranes (tBuBMe2), the synthesis of adjacent quaternary stereogenic centers with full stereocontrol ...