The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of different disinfectants applicable to Legionella control in domestic water systems. A domestic water supply simulation unit that allowed simulation of real-world conditions was developed for this purpose. The system, consisting of seven identical rigs, was used to compare treatment efficiency under equivalent conditions of system design, ma...

Measurement of chlorine in concrete is very important for studying of corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete. Corrosion of reinforcing steel is primarily ascribed to the penetration of chloride ions to the steel surface. Preventive measures for avoiding concrete structure reinforcement corrosion requires monitoring the chloride ion concentration in concrete so that its concentration does no...

To remove chlorine from chlorinated wastes efficiently, the hydrothermal treatment (HT) of PVC was investigated with a lower alkaline dosage in this work. Some typical operating conditions were investigated to find out the most important factor affecting the dechlorination efficiency (DE). The FTIR technique was employed to detect the functional groups in PVC and hydrochars generated to reveal ...

Rapeseed lecithin ethanol soluble fraction (LESF) was hydroxylated with 30% hydrogen peroxide in the presence of acetic acid. The product was compared to the one obtained by method based on nucleophilic substitution reaction of phospholipids chlorine derivatives. In this approach, hydrogen chloride was added to double bonds in unsaturated acyl groups of phospholipids. Next, chlorine was replace...

Simultaneous observations of stratospheric organic and inorganic chlorine were made in September 1993 out of Fort Sumner, New Mexico, using JPL balloon-borne MkIV interferometer. Between 15 and 20 km, a significant fraction (20-60%) of the inorganic chlorine could not be accounted for by the sum of measured HCl, ClONO2, and HOCl. Laboratory measurements of the reaction of ClO radicals on sulf...

As a potential endocrine disruptor, clofibric acid (CA) was investigated in this study for its degradation kinetics and pathways in UV/chlorine process. The results showed that CA in both UV photolysis and UV/chlorine processes could be degraded via pseudo-first-order kinetics, while it almost could not be degraded in the dark chlorination process. The observed rate constant (kobs) in UV photol...

Decontamination of bacterial endospores such as Bacillus anthracis has traditionally required the use of harsh or caustic chemicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a chlorine dioxide decontaminant in killing Bacillus anthracis spores in solution and on a human skin simulant (porcine cadaver skin), compared to that of commonly used sodium hypochlorite or soapy water decont...

The title compound, C8H8Cl2, used in the synthesis of many pharmaceutical inter-mediates, forms a three-dimensional network through chlorine-chlorine inter-actions in the solid-state that measure 3.513 (1) and 3.768 (3) Å.

AVarious investigators have shown that irradiated bacterial cells can be reactivated by different nutrients. However, a controversy exists as to whether chlorinekilled bacteria can be made to recover by posttreatment. Heinmets et al. (1954) reported that they were able to restore the viability of chlorine-inactivated Escherichia coli strain B/r by incubating cells suspended in buffer supplement...

Disinfection of reclaimed water prior to reuse is important to prevent the transmission of pathogens. Chlorine is a widely utilized disinfectant and as such is a leading contender for disinfection of reclaimed water. To understand the risks of chlorination resulting from the potential selection of pathogenic bacteria, the inactivation, reactivation and regrowth rates of indigenous bacteria were...