The general aim of this research is the study of transitions from education and into the labour market among youths under a simultaneous framework in order to control for the interdependency of such relevant events. An extended version of the human capital model has been applied using the European Community Household Panel. The empirical strategy has aimed at reflecting the independent and simu...

This paper investigates the gender wage gap in Denmark, the Netherlands, France and Spain by boostrapping the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. The boostrap method is used to compute confidence intervals and to perform hypothesis tests for the (disaggregated) explained and unexplained components of the national earnings differentials between men and women. From the subset of paid employees selected...

A commercially available poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) coating was modified using a combination of 1–10wt.% bis(trimethoxysilylethyl)benzene and dibutyltin dilaurate as the hydrolysis catalyst. Results of attenuated total reflectance (ATR)–FTIR analysis indicated the modification resulted in a hybrid coating material containing silicate moieties covalently bonded to the PVB polymer chains. Gravimet...

This paper reviews the multiple forms of European continental regionalism, which takes the overall shape of a complex set of concentric circles, with a substructure of a core group within the EU based on the euro and Schengen areas, and several rings of neighbours outside, including the European Economic Area, the regions of the EU’s neighbourhood policy and finally some pan-European organisati...

Canker caused by the Ascomycete Valsa mali is the most destructive disease of apple in Eastern Asia, resulting in yield losses of up to 100%. This necrotrophic fungus induces severe necrosis on apple, eventually leading to the death of the whole tree. Identification of necrosis inducing factors may help to unravel the molecular bases for colonization of apple trees by V. mali. As a first step t...

The continual threat of chemical and biological warfare has prompted the need for unambiguous analytical methods for the confirmation of agent exposure. In this paper, we have investigated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF/MS) as a diagnostic tool for this purpose. Mass spectral studies of the interaction of sulfur mustard (bis-(2...

Multiple fluorination of glycostructures has emerged as an attractive way modulating their protein affinity, metabolic stability, and lipophilicity. Here we described the synthesis a series mono-, di- trifluorinated N -acetyl-?-glucosamine ?-galactosamine analogs. The key intermediates are corresponding multiply fluorinated glucosazide galactosazide thioglycosides prepared from deoxyfluorinated...