This paper reviews the state of the art of single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensors for time-resolved imaging. The focus of the paper is on pixel architectures featuring small pixel size (<25 μm) and high fill factor (>20%) as a key enabling technology for the successful implementation of high spatial resolution SPAD-based image sensors. A summary of the main CMOS SPAD implementations...

In this paper we present a time-gated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array, the first of its kind to be integrated with a newly developed time-resolved laser Raman spectrometer. Time-resolved Raman spectra from various highly fluorescent minerals were successfully observed using our SPAD array; these spectra were obscured by an overwhelming fluorescence background when measured using a tr...

Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy of freely diffusing molecules in solution is a powerful tool used to investigate the properties of individual molecules. Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) are the detectors of choice for these applications. Recently a new type of SPAD detector was introduced, dubbed red-enhanced SPAD (RE-SPAD), with good sensitivity throughout the visible spectrum ...

Climate change with the impact of drought stress has become a major environmental problem for rice ( Oryza sativa L.). The use gamma ray radiation at dose 300 Gy is one way to develop tolerant varieties little characteristics Towuti variety. However, research still needed determine its resistance stress. This study aims identify characters selection, genotype and response mutant conditions. tha...

For clean a agriculture and safe environment, this study was conducted, which included the preparation of compost from Prosopis fracta Alhagi maurorum plants, evaluation Its as medium for tomato seedlings production comparing it with peat moss, an organic fertilizer in comparison number fertilizers - poultry wastes, cow sheep wastes spent mushroom residues, results showed superiority prepared o...

Pansy ( Viola × wittrockiana ) is a greenhouse crop commonly grown under black shade net; it often requires the use of chemical plant growth regulators to maintain compact habit. Nonchemical efforts alter morphology, such as height, would provide more sustainable solution than application. The objective these studies was evaluate effects different colors nets on controlling and flowering pansy....

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performances three cassava genotypes on yield, physiology and morphological traits under different fertilization regimes. A field experiment conducted in a split-plot design for two consecutive seasons Mansa district Luapula Province Northern Zambia highly weathered Chromi-haplic Acrisol soils. Four regimes, control-M3, lime-M1, NPK fertilizer-M4 ...

Tropical areas have a large distribution of saline soils and tidal flats with high salinity level. Salinity stress is key factor limiting the widespread use tropical forage such as Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. This study was designed to screen tolerance 84 S. accessions; In greenhouse experiment, plants were subjected Hoagland solution or 200 mM NaCl for up 15 days. tolerant accession CI...

We have successfully demonstrated video-rate CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based cameras for fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) by applying innovative FLIM algorithms. We also review and compare several time-domain techniques and solid-state FLIM systems, and adapt the proposed algorithms for massive CMOS SPAD-based arrays and hardware implementations. The theoretical e...

We incorporate newly developed solid-state detector technology into time-resolved laser Raman spectroscopy, demonstrating the ability to distinguish spectra from Raman and fluorescence processes. As a proof of concept, we show fluorescence rejection on highly fluorescent mineral samples willemite and spodumene using a 128×128 single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array with a measured photon det...