The fundamental lower bounds on the thermodynamic energy cost of measurement and information erasure are determined. The lower bound on the erasure validates Landauer’s principle for a symmetric memory; for other cases, the bound indicates the breakdown of the principle. Our results constitute the second law of “information thermodynamics,” in which information content and thermodynamic variabl...

circular- crested weirs are employed for flow measurement among their other wide applications in hydraulic engineering. they can also be used to control water level in farm ponds and reservoirs. advantages of the circular crested weirs as compared to other weirs include the stable overflow pattern, the simplicity of design and their associated lower costs. in this study, the curvilinear flow pa...

The bearing capacity factors for a rough strip footing placed on rock media, which is subjected to pseudo-static horizontal earthquake body forces, have been determined using the lower bound finite element limit analysis in conjunction with power cone programming (PCP). mass assumed follow generalized Hoek-Brown (GHB) yield criterion. No assumption needs be made smoothen GHB criterion and conve...