BACKGROUND Bark and bark-containing forest residues have the potential for utilization as raw material for lignocellulosic ethanol production due to their abundance and low cost. However, the different physical properties and chemical composition of bark compared to the conventionally used wood chips may influence the spruce-to-ethanol bioconversion process. This study assesses the impact of ba...

Deciduous tree species throughout the boreal forest of North America have lighter-coloured bark than do species restricted to more southern forests. We tested the hypothesis that light-coloured bark minimizes the thawing and freezing of cambium tissue during winter that could contribute to sunscald injury. During mid-winter, maximum midday cambium temperatures of south-exposed bark of white bir...

The color of the gingiva has a tremendous impact on the esthetics of the smile. Clinically gingival melanin hyper pigmentation is presented as ‘black gum’ which is a common esthetic problem especially for those who have gummy smile. Several attempts have been made for removal of gingival pigmentation by different techniques. Each technique had its own supremacy in efficiency and also draw back....

We describe symptoms of mycosis induced by two native fungal entomopathogens of the citrus orthezia scale, Praelongorthezia praelonga (Hemiptera: Ortheziidae), an important pest of citrus orchards. The data presented in this article are related to the article entitled "Seasonal prevalence of the insect pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum nymphaeae in Brazilian citrus groves under different chemica...

Ten Citrus (Linnaeus, 1753) species of North-East India have been karyo-morphologically analysed. All studied species had 2n=18 chromosomes without any evidence of numerical variation. All the chromosomes were found to be of metacentric and sub-metacentric in all the species; the morphology of the chromosomes showing size difference only. Symmetrical karyotype which does not have much differenc...

Gelatin is commonly used as a gelling and thickening agent in confectionery products considered critical material terms of its halal status. Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (real-time PCR) frequently employed an analytical tool to detect traces pork food items. Although the real-time PCR method using Tanabe primer Internal Positive Control (IPC) has been validated effectively, sensitivity o...

the non-destructive meyer method was evaluated to determine the bark volume of beech (fagus orientalis lipsky) stands in north of iran. the sample size was 185 standing trees collected from 4 geographical aspects (north, south, west and east) aspects. the constant k values and bark thickness (2e mm) of 185 standing trees were used to calculate the bark volume by the meyer method. in this study,...

Introduction Associations between bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae, or family Scolytidae, depending on the classification used, Bright 1993; Marvaldi et al. 2002) and fungi are varied and well known, but mycophagy (fungal feeding) by bark beetles has received relatively little attention. This may be due to the rarity or relative unimportance of fungal feeding by bark beetles,...

The structures of the condensed tannins from leaf, stem bark and root bark of Acacia confusa were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis, and their antioxidant activities were measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The results s...

Beginning in 1993, Florida’s citrus industry has been invaded by citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), brown citrus aphid (Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy, Homoptera: Aphididae), and the Asian citrus psylla (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, Homoptera: Psyllidae). The source(s) of these pests remain unknown but other countries in the Caribbean, as well as Centra...