p.h.d student in history of civilization and islamic nation. although the historiographical books believe that biograhpical historiography (put the people in different social classes for historical studies) is one of the most uthentic kinds and branches of muslims' historiography, but we can not find, easily, the trace of this branch in historiographical books. and even we can not find the...

We introduce a tropical geometric framework that allows us to define $\psi$ classes for moduli spaces of curves arbitrary genus. prove correspondence theorems between algebraic and some one-dimensional families genus-one curves.