CLC-ec1 is an E. coli homologue of the CLC family of Cl- channels, which are widespread throughout eukaryotic organisms. The structure of this membrane protein is known, and its physiological role has been described, but our knowledge of its functional characteristics is severely limited by the absence of electrophysiological recordings. High-density reconstitution and incorporation of crystall...

Genetic mutations of the Cl(-) channel ClC-5 cause Dent's disease in humans. We recently cloned an amphibian ortholog of Xenopus ClC-5 (xClC-5) from the A6 cell line. We now compare the properties and regulation of ClC-5 currents expressed in mammalian (COS-7) cells and Xenopus oocytes. Whole cell currents in COS-7 cells transfected with xClC-5 cDNA had strong outward rectification, Cl(-) > I(-...

Laboratory-scale experimental studies have demonstrated that Chemical-Looping Combustion (CLC) is an advanced technology which holds great potential for high-efficiency low-cost carbon capture. The generated syngas in CLC is subsequently oxidized to CO2 and H2O by reaction with an oxygen carrier. In this paper, process-level models of CLC are established in ASPEN Plus code for detailed simulati...

CLC Cl- channels are homodimers in which each subunit has a proper pore and a (fast) gate. An additional slow gate acts on both pores. A conserved glutamate (E166 in CLC-0) is a major determinant of gating in CLC-0 and is crucially involved in Cl-/H+ antiport of CLC-ec1, a CLC of known structure. We constructed tandem dimers with one wild-type (WT) and one mutant subunit (E166A or E166D) to sho...

Heterozygous mutations in ClC-2 have been associated in rare cases with increased susceptibility to generalized, idiopathic epilepsy. Initially, it was hypothesized that mutations in ClC-2 may be associated with epilepsy due to a direct role for ClC-2 in the modification of hippocampal neuronal excitability. However, the absence of an overt seizure-susceptibility phenotype in young ClC-2 knocko...

CLC genes are expressed in species from bacteria to human and encode Cl(-)-channels or Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers. CLC proteins assemble to dimers, with each monomer containing an ion translocation pathway. Some mammalian isoforms need essential beta -subunits (barttin and Ostm1). Crystal structures of bacterial CLC Cl(-)/H(+)-exchangers, combined with transport analysis of mammalian and bacterial C...

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a constitutive high capacity pathway for the reabsorption of proteins from the glomerular filtrate by the renal proximal tubule. ClC-5 is a voltage-gated chloride channel found in the proximal tubule where it has been shown to be essential for protein uptake, based on evidence from patients with Dent's disease and studies in ClC-5 knockout mice. To further delin...

To investigate the physiological role of a kidney-specific chloride channel (ClC-K1), we sought to determine its exact localization by immunohistochemistry and its functional regulation using Xenopus oocyte expression system. The antiserum specifically recognized a 70-kD protein in SDS-PAGE of membrane protein from rat inner medulla and an in vitro translated ClC-K1 protein. Immunohistochemistr...

HCl secretion across the parietal cell apical secretory membrane involves the H+-K+-ATPase, the ClC-2 Cl- channel, and a K+ channel. In the present study, the cellular and subcellular distribution of ClC-2 mRNA and protein was determined in the rabbit gastric mucosa and in isolated gastric glands. ClC-2 mRNA was localized to parietal cells by in situ hybridization and by direct in situ RT-PCR. ...

CLC type anion transport proteins are homo-dimeric or hetero-dimeric with an integrated transport function in each subunit. We have identified and partially characterized three members of this family named TbVCL1, TbVCL2 and TbVCL3 in Trypanosoma brucei. Among the human CLC family members, the T. brucei proteins display highest similarity to CLC-6 and CLC-7. TbVCL1, but not TbVCL2 and TbVCL3 is...